Trans-boundary air pollution over remote islands in Japan: observed data and estimates from a numerical model

Observations of air pollutants were conducted in remote Japanese islands (Oki Island and Okinawa Island) in early spring to clarify the extent of trans-boundary air pollution from the Asian continent. A three-dimensional Eulerian model calculation, which included parameters on emission, transport and transformation of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, was performed to compile sulfate isosurface concentrations over the observational sites. Concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄²⁻) of greater than 10 μg m⁻³ were observed at Oki after the northeastward passage of low-pressure systems in the Sea of Japan. At these times, the weather showed a typical winter pattern and air pollutants over China were transported southeastward to Japan with the northwesterly wind. The model calculation reproduced the observed variations of nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration well, except for one case in which the model calculation could not reproduce the extremely low nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration observed on 8 March. In Hedo (Okinawa Island), we observed long-lasting (3 days) medium concentrations of nss-SO₄²⁻ (approximately 5 μg m⁻³). Although the model reproduced these observed medium concentrations well, in general the observed results were reproduced better for Oki than for Hedo. Under the synoptic weather conditions of early spring, high concentrations of nss-sulfate were sometimes transported to these remote Japanese islands from areas of continental Asia with a strong outflow of air pollutants.     

潮汐流-垂直潜流人工湿地对城市径流污染物净化效果

人工湿地(CW)在城市径流污染源头控制中发挥重要的作用。采用潮汐流(TFCW)-垂直潜流(VFCW)串联的复合人工湿地工艺(TF-VFCW),以砾石为填料构建人工湿地模型,探究TF-VFCW长期运行下COD_cr、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、TN和Cu²⁺的去除效果以及微生物群落变化对污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明：在80 d的运行中,TF-VFCW对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除效率逐渐下降,平均去除率分别为62.92%、65.54%、80.83%;系统对NO₃⁻-N的去除率先保持稳定,随后在波动中略有下降,平均去除率为95.27%;对TP的去除效果相对较为稳定,平均去除率为87.64%;对Cu²⁺的去除率虽有较大波动但总体上呈现上升的趋势,平均去除率为40.22%。TFCW单元的去污能力明显优于VFCW单元。随着时间的推移,TFCW单元在门水平上的优势菌种由Proteobacteria(变形菌门)变为Firmicutes(厚壁菌门);在属水平上,TF-VFCW中主要除氮微生物为Thauera(索氏菌属)、Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)、Hydrogenophaga(噬氢菌属)、Nitrosospira(亚硝化螺菌属),主要除磷微生物为Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属)、Dechloromonas(脱氯菌属)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌)等。TFCW的除氮、除磷功能微生物的多样性要明显优于VFCW。温度对除氮、除磷功能微生物的多样性和群落结构影响较大,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、 TN的去除效果明显受到温度的影响,而磷的去除受温度影响较小,其主要通过基质吸附和植物吸收。     

我国环境经济方面的能力建设与国际援助

本文论述了加强环境经济能力建设的背景、避免市场失灵及政府失灵的措施以及商业银行参与环保产业融资的经验.     

Spatial distribution of pollution in an urban stormwater infiltration basin

Infiltration basins are frequently used for stormwater drainage. Because stormwater is polluted in highly toxic compounds, assessment of pollution retention by infiltration basins is necessary. Indeed, if basins are not effective in trapping pollution, deep soil and groundwater may be contaminated. This study's objective is to investigate soil pollution in infiltration basins: spatial distribution of soil pollution, optimisation of the number of soil samples and a contamination indicator are presented. It is part of a global project on long-term impact of stormwater infiltration on groundwater. Soil sampling was done on a basin in suburban Lyon (France). Samples were collected at different depths and analysed for nutrients, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and grain size. Pollutant concentrations decrease rapidly with depth while pH, mineralisation and grain size increase. Sustainable metal concentrations are reached at a 30-cm depth, even after 14 years of operation; hydrocarbon pollution is deeper. Principal component analysis shows how pollutants affect each level. The topsoil is different from other levels. Three specifically located points are enough to estimate the mass of pollution trapped by the basin with a 26% error. The proposed contamination indicator is calculated using either average level concentrations or maximum level concentrations. In both cases, the topsoil layer appears polluted but evaluation of lower levels is dependent on the choice of input concentrations.     

突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统发展探讨

在介绍突发性环境污染事故的概念、类型与特性的基础上,综述了近年来国内外对这一领域的研究进展．并结合“5S”技术提出突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统的全程模拟。     

垃圾填埋场对地下水污染的模拟研究

在对长春市某垃圾填埋场进行野外调查的基础上 ,于室内进行了垃圾淋滤模拟实验。分析了垃圾渗滤液污染组分的自然衰减规律 ,建立了垃圾填埋场地下水污染的数值模型 ,采用FEFLOW软件对其进行模拟和预报 ,并取得了较好的效果 ,最后提出防止和防治垃圾填埋场污染地下水的若干措施。     

Progress in developing an ANN model for air pollution index forecast

An air pollution index (API) reporting system is introduced to selected cities of China for public communication on air quality data. Shanghai is the first city in China providing daily average API reports and forecasts. This paper describes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the API forecasting in Shanghai. It is a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) network, with meteorological forecasting data as the main input, to output the next day average API values. However, the initial version of the MLP model did not work well. To improve the model, a series of tests were conducted with respect to the training method and structure optimization. Based on the test results, the training algorithm was modified and a new model was built. The new model is now being used in Shanghai for API forecasting. Its performance is shown reasonably well in comparison with observation. The application of the old model was only weakly correlated with observation. In 1-year application, the correlation coefficients were 0.2314, 0.1022 and 0.1710 for TSP, SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. But for the new model, for over 8 months application, the correlation coefficients are raised to 0.6056, 0.6993 and 0.6300 for PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂. Further, the new algorithm does not rely on manpower intervention so that it is now being applied in several other Chinese cities with quite different meteorological conditions. The structure of the model and the application results are presented in this paper and also the problems to be further studied.     

东江流域水污染控制与水生态系统恢复技术与综合示范

归纳了水专项东江项目2008—2013年的主要研究成果:针对保护优质水源的国家需求,选择典型的东江流域开展前瞻性的水污染控制技术研发并进行工程示范,创建了由常规水质指标实时在线化,痕量污染物控制指标识别筛选全流域优化,生物毒性指标甄别多属性全程化等成套技术构成的水源流域水质风险识别技术体系;由各类工艺废水脱毒减害,同质污水区域集中强化处理,排水持续净化等成套技术构成的水环境风险控制工程技术体系;由水生物链各物种生长状况评级,生境恢复和物种受损关键环节恢复等成套技术构成的生态健康维护技术体系。集成以上3个技术体系形成成套的流域水环境风险控制技术体系集。基于上述技术创新提出了“控制风险、维护生态、保水甘甜、发展持续”的水源流域管理创新总体策略。研发的技术体系与策略在东江流域的示范与应用,实现了东江主干流水质常年优于Ⅱ类的污染控制目标。     

仲钨酸铵生产中钨渣的污染特性分析

采集了14家仲钨酸铵（APT）生产企业生产过程中产生的钨渣,分别采用HJ/T299—2007《固体废物 浸出毒性浸出方法 硫酸硝酸法》和GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》附录S推荐的方法分析了钨渣中重金属的浓度及浸出浓度,并研究了钨渣的污染特征。结果表明,钨渣中重金属浓度服从正态分布,浓度较高的重金属为Cu、Zn和类金属As,其最大值分别为6 260、25 000和26 900 mg/kg,平均值分别为3 510、4 560和5 640 mg/kg;浸出浓度较大的是Pb、As和Hg,其最大值分别为33.6、26.2和0.85 mg/L,超出GB 5085.3—2007中规定的相应限值的6.72、5.24和8.5倍,超标率分别为14.3%、21.4%和42.9%;钨渣中As、Mo和Hg是特征污染物,应作为危险废物进行管理。     

典型废矿物油的产生工艺及其重金属含量特征研究

分析了6种典型废矿物油的产生工艺及特性,研究了废矿物油样品的重金属浓度特征。结果表明,不同产生工艺和工作环境,油品的损耗程度和产污情况存在明显差异。典型废矿物油样品中检出的主要重金属包括Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Mo和Ba等7种。其中,Zn浓度相对较高,Cr、Cu、Mo和Ba的浓度次之,Ni和Pb的浓度相对较少。Zn、Mo、Ba主要来自于添加剂掺入,Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb主要来自使用过程中磨料混入或杂质进入。6种废矿物油直接进入环境中的重金属当量浓度表现为废车用润滑油>废液压油>废淬火油>废冷冻机油>废防锈油>废白油。其中,废车用润滑油和废液压油的重金属潜在危害最高。废矿物油再生利用过程中,重金属绝大部分进入废渣中(如油渣、蒸馏残渣、废白土等),少部分残留在再生产品中;焚烧处置过程中,重金属的去向为烟气和底灰。因此,需要针对废矿物油的处置与资源化利用过程进行严格管理,防止其中重金属的二次污染。