Territorial politics and the success of collaborative environmental governance: local and regional partnerships compared

The paper explores the role local governments and territorial proximity play in the efficiency of collaborative environmental governance. It develops the hypothesis that the representatives of local authorities involved in partnerships possess resources to diminish the pitfalls of sustainable governance, facilitate coordination, and contribute to the success of shared policy-making. Four French and English partnerships are presented. They include a diversity of stakeholders such as fisheries, ports, farmers, yachting associations, environmental NGOs, or local authorities. Thereby, the paper develops whether and under which conditions local governments play a positive or negative role, as well as comparing territorial levels of implementation and the effects of geographical proximity. It is shown that collaboration at the regional level prevents the integration of decision-making in organisational networks, the inclusion of citizens, and the development of social responsibility for stakeholders – the partnership acting as a formalisation of pre-existing lobbying. Locally, governments assume inter-organisational leadership and do contribute to the institutionalisation of the new forums. Yet, local successes of partnerships answer logics of social, rather than environmental, regulation. The local attenuation of usage conflicts does not necessarily reduce the negative effects of those usages on the environment. By stressing a collaborative definition of environmental problems, the partnerships tend to sideline substantial policy changes, and possibly conflict with the goals and long-term temporality of sustainable governance.     

区域COD、SO2及TSP排放的空间自相关分析：以江苏省为例

空间自相关分析是空间统计学的一个重要组成部分,是认识空间格局的有效手段.针对研究的空间范围不同,常采用全局空间自相关和局部空间自相关来衡量区域空间自相关程度.利用江苏省1990～2006年13个省辖市COD、SO₂和TSP排放量数据,采用空间自相关分析方法对江苏省环境污染排放区域异质性进行了研究.结果表明,江苏省COD和TSP排放总量分别从1990年的596?353　t和1?101?404　t显著下降到2006年的291?762　t和704?734　t, SO₂排放量基本保持稳定;江苏省COD、SO₂和TSP排放的空间自相关性随时间推移正在发生着变化,到2006年COD、SO₂和TSP排放的Global Moran's I分别达到0.465?7、　0.214?2和0.510?1,呈现较显著的正空间自相关趋势,空间上的集聚分布格局业已形成,且COD排放先于SO₂和TSP排放在空间呈现集聚格局,空间集聚的程度也较大;苏南与苏北的污染排放格局差异较大,苏南COD、SO₂和TSP排放的Global Moran's I值至2006年分别增加到0.499?7、　0.320?2和0.298?3,集聚格局明显,而苏北COD、SO₂和TSP排放的Global Moran's I值大部分都低于-0.2,没有表现集聚状态.COD排放的集聚区域变为苏州、无锡和常州,SO₂排放的集聚区域变为苏州和无锡,TSP排放的空间格局变化不大,苏南五市一直是TSP排放的集聚区域.空间自相关关系的探讨对于认识江苏省区域环境异质性及环境宏观战略研究具有重要意义,也对江苏省生态省建设和和谐社会构建提供重要参考.     

基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量计算——以海河为例

论文提出一个基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量的计算方法。以海河流域为例,利用流域多年年降雨、入海水量、引黄水量、地下水超采水量、工业用水量、农业用水量、生活用水量、工业废污水排放量和生活污水排放量等资料,得出1956～1998年流域生态耗水量的多年变化。计算结果显示,虽然流域在1956～1998年的43年间环境发生明显变化,然而流域生态耗水总量没有呈明显的上升或下降趋势。最后通过对比研究,给出了论文提出的算法与基于当地水资源的算法结果的物理解释。     

基于GIS杭嘉湖平原土壤氟的质量评价

测定分析了浙江省杭嘉湖平原13个县市的土壤氟含量,以GIS软件平台为基础,利用克里格插值法揭示了该地区土壤全氟及其影响因素的空间分布特征,按照土壤全氟指数法评价杭嘉湖平原土壤氟的健康质量.结果表明:全氟含量的空间分布是中、东部比西部的高,与土壤母质、pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量、土壤质地等关系密切;整个研究区域土壤全氟含量较低,大多在200～300mg/kg之间,有23.7%的土壤全氟含量低于200mg/kg;其中又以余杭的土壤全氟含量最低,均在100mg/kg以下.     

土法炼锌导致土壤中铅分布特征和形态变化的研究

对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌区土壤中Pb分布特征和形态变化进行了研究。各炼锌点表层土壤中全铅含量71.8~37247.4 mg.kg-1,远高于贵州省土壤背景值(29.3 mg.kg-1)。其分布特征表现为:土壤中Pb含量总趋势随着炼锌时间增加而增加,随着距废渣堆的距离增加而降低。剖面中全铅含量分析表明Pb主要累积在土壤表层,但随着冶炼时间增加深层土壤中Pb累积程度也逐渐加大。以CaCl2和DTPA作为提取剂的简化连续提取法对土壤中Pb形态进行分析,结果显示,土壤中CaCl2和DTPA提取态Pb占全量的比例很低,平均值分别为0.3%和5%,但是其绝对含量高达6.4~1037 mg.kg-1;并随着Pb在土壤中累积时间的加长,CaCl2和DTPA提取态Pb所占比例呈显著降低的趋势,但其绝对含量逐渐增加。     

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

全球及区域尺度土地覆盖土地利用遥感研究的现状和展望

９０年代以来,利用遥感进行大面积土地覆盖土地利用的研究取得了一系列重要进展。已建立的全球及区域土地覆盖土地利用数据库正在得到广泛的应用,取得明显的社会效益和经济效益。土地覆盖土地利用及其变化的研究成果也被应用于有关全球环境变化国际公约的执行监督。利用遥感进行大面积土地详查已经逐步摆脱单一制图的传统概念,正在向建立以应用为目的且便于用户使用的综合信息数据库的方向迈进。此外,如何对大面积土地覆盖数据库进行精度评价已引起广泛重视,出现了一些新的理论和研究方法。进入２１世纪,全球和区域土地覆盖土地利用的遥感研究将进一步深化     

基于静稳累积污染的石嘴山市PM2.5局地源解析

为探究静稳条件下PM_2.5局地源累积特征,在石嘴山市的4个不同功能区站点采集PM_2.5样品,并测量其水溶性离子、无机元素和含碳组分浓度,利用后向轨迹模型判断潜在源区,分析了静稳期和非静稳期PM_2.5组分浓度差异,并采用PMF模型判断静稳期局地源排放特征。结果表明:①观测期间有2次重污染过程是由局地污染物累积引起的;②沙尘源为主要的外来源,冬季非静稳期存在Si、Ca、Fe浓度大幅上升现象(浓度达到15.11、27.03、18.89 μg/m³),水溶性离子易在静稳条件下累积,受采暖影响,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-在冬季有更大的贡献,NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的值表明秋季机动车源对PM_2.5的贡献较大,冬季燃煤源对PM_2.5的贡献较大,OC/EC的值表明局地排放二次有机气溶胶转化效率不强;③静稳条件下受局地源影响,太沙站点S、Mn、SO₄^2-、EC等与工业排放相关的组分浓度最高,沟口站点受机动车源的影响,NO₃^-浓度最高(22.66 μg/m³),崇岗站点受煤炭加工排放影响,OC浓度远高于其他站点;④ PMF模型解析结果显示,石嘴山市局地源中工业源(47.4%)贡献最大,其次为机动车与扬尘混合源(29.3%)、二次源(15.1%)。     

The immediate costs and long-term benefits of assisted gene flow in large populations

With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change.     

2015—2020年广东臭氧污染特征、污染天气分型及局地气象要素影响

利用2015—2020年广东省102个国控大气环境监测站臭氧(O₃)监测数据、广东省21个地市国家基本气象站地面气象观测数据和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代大气再分析全球气候数据(ERA5再分析资料)，研究了2015—2020年广东O₃污染特征、污染天气分型及局地气象要素影响.结果表明：2017—2019年广东O₃污染较严重，4—5月O₃浓度逐步上升，6月出现一定下降后7月开始持续上升，峰值出现在9—10月；珠三角O₃超标率明显高于全省其他地区，粤东O₃超标率低于全省平均水平，但浓度平均值高于全省其他地区.基于自组织映射(SOM)方法，将2015—2020年逐日海平面气压和10 m水平风进行分型得到12类环流型，按污染程度分为“污染天气型”、“轻污染天气型”和“清洁天气型”.其中“污染天气型”有台风外围叠加副高型、冷锋前部型、热带系统降水前静稳型、高压底前部型4类.12类天气型所对应的O₃浓度与日照时数、最高气温呈显著正相关...