顾及空间自相关性的高分遥感影像中建设用地的变化检测

在中国城市化的进程中,建设用地常常连片分布,其开发在空间上具有明显的聚集性,表现出较强的空间自相关性,这在高空间分辨率的遥感图像中更加明显。基于2016年、2017年两期南京市域内的北京2号3.2 m多光谱遥感图像,对比分析了引入变化向量的空间自相关指数作为图像特征后建设用地遥感变化检测的性能。首先提取遥感图像光谱变化向量的局部G指数、Moran's I和Geary's C三个典型空间自相关指数,然后确定适用于变化检测的最优空间间隔（Lag）范围和最优自相关指数。结果表明：（1）光谱变化向量在空间上具有显著的正相关性。（2）全局Moran's I和半方差函数相结合可以确定最优的Lag范围。（3）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入局部G指数和局部Moran's I能够提高检测精度,F1分数表明前者优于后者。（4）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入最优Lag范围内的局部G指数作为附加图像特征,F1分数比只使用光谱变化向量提高了20%以上。融合空间自相关信息,特别是多尺度局部G指数作为遥感图像特征可有效地提高连片区域建设用地的变化检测精度。     

建筑装修施工过程环境污染特征

为系统探明装修施工过程存在的环境污染问题及其潜在人体健康影响,以深圳市典型装修项目为例,研究了不同装修装饰工序中噪声污染及室内典型空气污染物浓度水平,同时展开了装修过程废物产生特性及其重金属污染特征和潜在的健康风险方面的研究.结果表明:①拆改、木工与金属切割作业会产生较为严重的噪声污染,其严重影响了周边居民的正常生活与装修工人的职业健康,其中金属切割过程噪声最为严重,平均强度是GB 3096-2008《声环境质量标准》昼间2类限值的1.6倍;②拆除工程产生的粉尘污染（PM_2.5）、涂饰作业产生的甲醛以及油漆作业产生的TVOC（总挥发性有机物）严重超标,其中,ρ（PM_2.5）是GB 3095-2012二级标准24 h平均浓度限值的2.1倍,ρ（甲醛）和ρ（TVOC）分别是GB/T 18883-2002标准值的2.6、2.5倍;③装修垃圾中不同重金属元素的污染水平表现为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > As > Hg,Pb是产生健康风险的主要污染物,其中塑料中w（Cd）、瓷砖中w（Zn）、PVC线管中w（Pb）与玻璃中w（Cr）平均值分别为1.5、432.2、6 026.0和288.0 mg/kg,分别是广东省土壤背景值的11.5、5.6、104.6与3.3倍.研究显示,PVC线管中的Pb是产生健康风险的主要污染物,应加强环境管理.      

Judging Survey Quality: Local Variances

The present study was undertaken to explore possibilities to judge survey quality on basis of a limited and restricted number of a-priori observations. Here, quality is defined as the ratio between survey and local variance (signal-to-noiseratio). The results indicate that the presented surveys do not permit such judgement. Furthermore, the discussion alsosuggests that the 5-fold local sampling strategies do not merit any sound judgement in about 10% of all cases.The results further imply that surveys will benefit from procedures, controls and approaches in sampling and sample handling, to assess both average, variance and the nature of the distribution of elemental concentrations in local sites. This reasoning is compatible with the idea of the site as a basic homogeneous survey unit, which is implicitly and conceptually underlying any survey performed.     

Community Production Practices and Desertification in the Sahelo-Sudanian Region of Cameroon at the Turn of the Millennium

The Sahelo-Sudanian region of Cameroon extends over 10 million hectares. Varied flora and soil types, a complex mosaic of vegetation and plant communities and a diversified wild animal population are the major natural resources of this region. Desertification in the region can be related to two major known causes: a. short or long-term drought due to short-term or long-term climatic trends toward aridity; b. human activities which degrade the biological environment. Globally, humans generally have less effect on desertification than climatic change in the short run. The only strategy to fight against this situation particularly in the developing countries is to withdraw populations from the areas and to settle them elsewhere. However, most local or regional desertification processes in general, and in the Sahelo-Sudanian region in particular, are due to the misuse or unsound exploitation of natural resources by humans and their animals. Often, comprehension of the complexity of even small interactions between parameters affecting our local environment remains limited. Poor economic assessments of the long-term benefits of proper natural resource conservation and management increase the extent of the exploitation, in turn increasing the degradation process. Yet ecologically sound management of natural resources integrating indigenous knowledge and basic population interest and concern can secure restoration in several areas and sustained productivity of Sahelo-Sudanian lands.     

培养安全工程专业人才应与地方经济相适应

安全工程专业人才培养的模式,已从原有的以行业背景为主的安全技术人才的培养向现有的以技术为基础的通用安全管理人才的培养方向转变。由于各地经济的模式及工业基础的差异,安全事故发生的特点也不相同,对人才的需求也有所区别。尤其是安全工程专业人才,也成为经济发展需求的紧缺人力资源,各地争相举办安全工程及其相关专业,使安全工程专业教育有了新的发展。笔者提出高校应充分利用现有教育资源,采用“基础型”、“安全系统型”的宽口径的教育方式,在进入专业课时,开设多个专业方向的培养模式,增加学生就业渠道,以适应地方经济的发展。     

PREDICTION OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

This paper describes a method for predicting local scour around bridge piers using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods for selecting input variables, calibrations of network control parameters, learning process, and verifications are also discussed. The ANN model trained by laboratory data is applied to both laboratory and field measurements. The results illustrate that the ANN model can be used to predict local scour in the laboratories and in the field better than other empirical relationships that are currently in use. A parameter study is also carried out to investigate the importance of each input variable as reflected in data.     

建设项目竣工验收监测中选用环境标准的若干问题

通过分析在进行建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测过程中选用标准的重要性和存在的问题,提出应按照国家的新要求进行标准的选用,并对实际竣工验收监测中遇到的选用标准问题提出了解决的办法。     

Surface Ozone Concentrations and its Relation to Wind Field in Istanbul

In this study, an assessment has been made on the wind speed; temperature and atmospheric pressure were analyzed by considering meteorological variables for selected high ozone cases. The Systems Applications International Meso-scale Model (SAIMM), a prognostic meteorological model was used to develop the 3-dimensional meteorological inputs to a chemical model. Meteorological conditions favorable for high ozone concentrations appear when Istanbul and the surrounding region is dominated by an anticyclonic pressure system. During the ozone favorabledays, south and southwesterly winds with low wind speed influence Istanbul. We presented wind field simulations for a case study in explaining the ozone formation mechanism over Istanbul.     

因地制宜的开展退耕还林工程建设

本文深入分析了当前新疆自然生态环境存在的问题及严峻形势，阐述了在新疆实施退耕还林(草)工程的重要意义。改善新疆的生态环境，走良性循环的持续发展道路，应从过去的失误中总结经验教训，尊重科学，师法自然，因地制宜，科学合理地确定退耕还林(草)规模。以政策保证退耕还林(草)工程的顺利实施，从根本上改善干早区的生态环境。通过退耕还林(草)工程的实施，调整种养产业结构，使新疆逐步走出“粮化、沙化、贫困化”的怪圈，“退”出一条脱贫致富的发展之路和一片秀美山川。     

改善矿山局部通风质量的探讨

分析了矿山局部通风存在的问题,提出了符合实际的技术改造措施，实践证明效果较好。