Assessment of future scenarios of climate and land-use changes in the IMPRINTS test-bed areas

The main objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts produced by climate and land-use changes in six European test-bed basins (Llobregat, Guadalhorce, Gardon d’Anduze, Linth, Verzasca and Sambuco). Data to build future scenarios that can modify the different basins’ flash flood and debris flow risk level has been analyzed in this paper. High resolution climate scenarios have been obtained from several European projects and/or National initiatives, depending on each case. Climatic variables have been widely analyzed, with a special focus on extreme precipitation. Typical generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions have been fitted to observed and projected rainfall data to assess impacts in the frequency distributions of extreme rainfall up to 2100. Regarding climate, the main conclusion is the importance of using data at the maximum spatial and temporal resolution applying downscaling methodologies adapted to basin scale (test-bed areas ranging from approx 200 to 5000 km²) and oriented to obtain extreme rainfall values.In general, high variability has been detected, obtaining very different results for the different models and scenarios. Data corrections may lead to better representations of present situations and, therefore, more reliable future projections, but currently some of them are not suitable for extreme precipitation assessment.Regarding land-use changes, a cellular automata-based model has been used (MOLAND) to simulate the 2000–2040 period taking the CORINE land-use dataset as input data. Llobregat, Guadalhorce and Gardon d’Anduze basins have been identified as potentially interesting for simulating urban land-use dynamics due to the existence of important urban areas within their limits. The assessment of the rural land-use changes has been carried out using the results from the EURURALIS project (2000–2030 period), available for all the basins.The results of this paper are framed in the FP7 project IMPRINTS that has the aim of analyzing impacts of future changes to provide guidelines for mitigation and adaptation measures and, in general, to improve the application of the EC Flood Risk Management Directive.     

高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化强化低温低浊水处理

为了探讨对低温、低浊水更为有效的预氧化技术,通过小试考察了高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化工艺在助凝、助滤、去除有机物及减少氯化消毒副产物方面的效能.结果表明:与单独氯胺预氧化工艺相比,高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化具有明显的强化助凝和助滤作用,在最佳质量浓度时,可使沉后及滤后水浊度去除率分别达到94%和98%以上;并具有明显地降低沉后有机污染指标的效能,使沉后水中UV254和CODMn指标分别降低23%和32%;还能够有效地控制THMs的生成,KMnO4质量浓度为2 mg/L时,THMs去除率达85.2%,同时还可去除CHBr2Cl、CHBr3两种副产物.因此高锰酸钾与氯胺联合预氧化是一种对低温低浊水十分有效的水处理技术.     

EGSB反应器的低温运行性能研究

对膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在低温(10～15℃)条件下的运行状况和污泥特性进行研究.结果表明,EGSB反应器在10～15℃的低温条件下能够稳定高效运行.当进水COD质量浓度低至114mg/L或高达3600mg/L(有机负荷高达23kg COD·m-3·d-1)时,COD去除率均能维持在70%左右.与中温(32～35℃)相比,低温时颗粒污泥的沉速相对较低,但不低于15m/h,不会被冲出反应器而造成污泥流失.低温时,颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性明显降低,COD去除率也明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高能改善泥水的传质效果,提高COD去除率.在HRT=0.9h、液体上升流速Vup=3.0m/h左右的运行条件下,反应器内温度由35℃降到15℃时,K由0.391 × 103降到0.107×103,COD去除率由84.32%降到68.9%.但当Vup由3.0m/h提高到4.2m/h时,K由0.107×103提高到0.254×103,COD去除率也由68.9%提高至76.7%.低温时,EGSB反应器的抗温度冲击能力很强.低浓度时,EGSB反应器的抗pH冲击能力不强,但随着进水COD浓度的提高,其抗DH冲击能力逐渐增强.EGSB反应器在低温低浓度条件下运行时需添加碱度以维持反应器内适宜的pH值.     

钱塘江枯水期主要污染物水环境模拟

确立基于可视化技术的污染物水环境模拟技术框架,建立水环境空间模型,基于MapInfo和Delft3D平台对钱塘江枯水期主要污染物氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、总磷（TP）进行模拟,对其时空变化规律进行分析.观测断面污染物实测值与模拟值对比表明,对于NH⁺₄-N,兰江口、严陵坞断面实测值较模拟值分别偏大0.19 mg/L、0.66 mg/L,窄溪、渔山和袁浦断面实测值较模拟值分别小0.16 mg/L、0.54 mg/L和0.49 mg/L;对于TP,梅城水厂、严陵坞断面的实测值高出模拟值分别为0.13 mg/L、0.14 mg/L,窄溪、渔山、浦阳江出口和袁浦等断面实测值均较模拟值略小,其沿途变化趋势与实际情况基本吻合.结果表明,钱塘江污染物主要来自上游兰江、富春江、浦阳江的贡献,其中兰江、浦阳江的污染物浓度较高,水质较差,对沿途及下游影响较大;兰江污染物是富春江水体污染的主要来源,当新安江下泄流量小时,可能发生回流而导致新安江部分河段受污染,当新安江下泄流量较大时,则对富春江水质起明显的改善作用;对于浦阳江,除了上游带来的污染物质,从尖山到浦阳江出口断面沿途两岸排放的污水也较严重,是影响钱塘江水质的原因之一.     

不同运行方式下低溶解氧污泥微膨胀的可行性研究

污泥微膨胀是一种利用低溶解氧（DO）引发丝状菌繁殖来实现污水节能处理的新方法.为分析该方法的可行性,采用4个间歇式反应器（SBR）模拟不同的工艺,考察了低DO下（DO=0.5 mg/L）各反应器的污泥沉降性、絮体结构、污染物去除特性及曝气能耗.结果表明,全程好氧运行方式易引发恶性膨胀;而前置缺氧运行方式下进水时间在60...     

环境保护与低碳发展协同政策初探

本文对环保与低碳发展的协同政策进行了初步探讨。首先指出了目前我国环保不低碳、低碳不环保的现象,并分析了其原因。在总结了欧美有关低碳环保方面的经验教训基础上,提出了有关克服环保与低碳发展不协同的政策建议。     

涡轮发动机喷气燃料低温性和贮存性改善研究

导弹用涡轮发动机采用的喷气燃料要求具有良好的耐低温性能和贮存性能。文中介绍了工程应用领域中通过对普通燃料脱水、脱氧精制成的一种低温性和贮存性都较优的油封燃料,该项措施在国内相关领域具有一定的创新性。     

全球绿色低碳发展与中国发展方式转型

文章论述了近代产业革命推动人类从经典低碳经济农牧业生产,走上以化石高碳能源为基础的高碳经济和传统工业化道路,高碳经济和传统工业化道路促进了人类社会物质文明、政治文明和精神文明建设,但造成了环境污染、生态退化和气候变暖生态文明三项负效应;文章阐述了美国和前苏联建成人类第一座规模化水电站和第一座原子能电站开辟低碳能源的历史贡献,以及英国创建低碳经济、日本建设低碳社会和联合国环境署实施绿色低碳发展主题行动对全球绿色低碳发展的深刻影响,归纳了全球绿色低碳发展的基本趋势和特征,最后论述了全球绿色低碳发展对中国发展方式转型的重要启示。     

一体化膜生物反应器处理低C/N污水式验研究

研究一体化连续流间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IMBR)处理低C/N城市污水的工艺效能.试验结果表明:反应器在曝气2 h、搅拌2 h的运行模式下,对COD、NH_4~+;-N、TN和SS的平均去除率分别达到了87%,83.4%,75.4%和97.81%,各出水质量浓度平均值分别为17.5,4.59,7.63和2 mg/L,出水水质达到了GB/T18920-2002<城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质>标准.

Abstract：

The integrated intermittent-aeration membrane biological reactor (IMBR) was investigated to treat the low C/N ratio urban sewage. Pollutants removal efficiency of IMBR under the condition of aeration 2 h and agitation 2 h were researched. The results showed that the average removal rates of COD, NH/ -N, TN and SS were 87% , 83.4% , 75.4% and 97.81% respectively. The average concentrations of COD,NH_4~+ -N,TN and SS in the effluent of IMBR system were 17.5,4.59,7.63 and 2 rag/L respectively. The effluent quality of IMBR could meet the standard of the requirement reclaimed water quality criterion (GB/T18920-2002).     

低钙粉煤灰活化制备防水涂料的试验研究

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排放的粉状固体废弃物,已带来诸多的生态、环境问题。文章以攀枝花电厂低钙粉煤灰为原料,通过对其改性、化学激发制备具有较好防水效果、高掺量、高附加值的水泥基粉煤灰防水涂料。研究了粉煤灰改性、化学激发,以及同时改性与化学激发三种状况下所形成的粉煤灰防水涂料产品性能。研究了硫酸盐、硅酸盐两种化学激发剂体系下粉煤灰防水涂料性能。通过微观XRD、SEM分析,研究了粉煤灰的活化效果。结果表明:粉煤灰经表面改性后,改善了涂料的和易性,抗渗压力比原灰提高67%,比化学激发灰提高了25%。粉煤灰经同时表面改性与化学激发后抗渗能力比原灰提高了127%。硫酸盐激发体系活化效果好于硅酸盐体系。经硫酸盐体系活化的粉煤灰防水涂料15d的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗渗压力,以及渗透压力比均高于GB18445-2001标准28d值。