Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTI_SD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTI_SD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTI_SD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.     

芽孢杆菌发酵产碱性果胶酶温度控制策略

采用自行筛选获得一株产碱性果胶酶芽孢杆菌WSH03-09,在小型发酵罐中研究了不同温度对碱性果胶酶分批发酵的影响,结果表明,在恒定39℃条件下,可获得最高酶活5．39u／mL,各温度条件下的菌体干重相差不多,最终均能达11．5g／L左右;在发酵前期,控制温度41℃时最有利于菌体的生长,而在产物合成期,控制37℃有利于获得较高的产物合成比速,在此基础上,提出分阶段温度控制策略,采用此温度控制策略进行碱性果胶酶的发酵,碱性果胶酶酶活达5．99u／mL,比采用单一温度下的最大值提高了11％,其它各项指标也有较大提高．图6表1参6     

浙江舟山北草蜥的野外活动体温及体温调节

在自然条件下测定浙江舟山北草蜥的夏季活动体温和环境温度,在实验室条件下测定其生理体温调节能力和喜好体温,旨在揭示北草蜥的体温调节机制.结果表明野外北草蜥的活动体温显著高于空气温度和基质温度;尽管环境温度存在显著日变异,但活动体温相对恒定.实验室恒温箱内测定的北草蜥体温与环境温度接近在20~30℃范围内,体温与环境温度基本一致;而当环境温度超过该范围,体温与环境温度存在差异,且这种差异随温度的升高或降低而增大.北草蜥的喜好体温平均为30.7℃.以上结果说明,北草蜥生理调温能力较弱,行为热调节是其体温调节的主要方式.图1表1参15     

三江源区草场生态恶化原因新解

上世纪60年代以来三江源区草场“三化”明显,生态恶化,究其原因,既有自然因素的影响,又有人类活动的作用。通过比较分析有测量记录的气温、降雨和年末牲畜存栏数、采金、挖虫草(Cordycepssinensis)规模的变化及其与草原植被覆盖度变化的关系,文章为人为成因说提供了更为翔实可靠的证据。结论:超载是1957—1979年间、采金子和挖虫草是1980—2004年间草场生态恶化的主要原因。     

The effect of ambient temperature on forager sound production and thoracic temperature in the stingless bee, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melipona panamica</Emphasis>

Foragers of the stingless bees genus Melipona may produce intranidal sounds that are correlated with food location and quality. In this study, we provide the first detailed analysis of pulsed sounds produced by Melipona panamica foragers while feeding on a carbohydrate food source. We trained foragers to a 2.5-M sucrose feeder under normal, ambient temperature (23–33°C) and lower temperature (11–25°C) conditions. We recorded forager sounds under both conditions and tested the effect of temperature of the thorax, feeder plate, and air on sound temporal characteristics. Forager energetic expenditure and the number of pulses per visit were significantly higher in the cold condition than in the normal condition. Foragers spent a longer time at the feeder under the cold condition than during the normal condition. Interpulse durations were significantly shorter in the cold condition than in the normal condition and became progressively and significantly shorter at the end of each performance. Thus, pulse production increased before departure. Foragers increased their thoracic temperatures above ambient at all experimental air temperatures. Under chilled conditions, foragers had a significantly greater difference between thorax temperature and ambient air temperature than under normal conditions. Foragers must achieve a minimum flight muscle temperature before take-off, and thus forager sounds may be linked to muscle warm-up.     

Experimental Investigation on The Igniting Fire Sources in Wildland Fire

试图通过试验,研究从林火点火源的红外辐射谱特性确定火焰性质的方法。为此,研制了模拟试验台,可以同时测定各特征火焰区的红外辐射谱和平均温度。用普朗克定律和维恩位移定律对试验数据进行了处理。对三种典型的引火源（烟头、树枝和纸）进行研究的结果表明：引火源的辐射特征波长在１．１－２．１ｕｍ,３．８－４．０ｕｍ,７．８－８．２ｕｍ波段内分布,此波长与各火焰区的特征温度存在对应关系。辐射温度随波长变化。在短波长处较低,此结果与将火焰辐射处理成黑体辐射时的普朗克定律大致相符     

高温煤气脱硫剂研究进展

系统地介绍了国外高温煤气脱硫剂的研究开发现状,指出我国重点研究开发铁系、锰系、锌系、铜系和钙系脱硫剂。     

嗜热微生物在废水处理中的应用

利用嗜热微生物处理高温排放废水是一项很有前任的废水处理技术，文章对嗜热微生物好氧处理废水及厌氧处理废水的发展进程和研究现状做了综述，例举了嗜热微生物在废水处理中的应用，并论证了一定工艺条件下高温废水处理的可行性和优越性；最后对嗜热微生物在废水处理中的应用前景作了展望。     

Very low versus undetectable maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values and fetal death

Very low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) levels (<10 ng/mL) are known to be associated with non-viable pregnancies, including conditions such as fetal death, molar pregnancies, and non-pregnancies. There has not been agreement, however, as to whether very low MSAFP levels indicate already existing fetal deaths or are actually predictive. We analysed 230 pregnancies with MSAFP levels <10 ng/mL from among 15 807 women (1.5 per cent) screened consecutively during a three-year period and identified 26 non-viable pregnancies, 22 of which were diagnosed sonographically as part of the screening process (17 missed abortions, 3 blighted ova, 2 non-pregnancies). Furthermore, 20 of these 22 pregnancies were associated with essentially undetectable MSAFP levels (<5 ng/mL). Our data indicate that pregnancies with MSAFP values <5 ng/mL are the group most strongly associated with fetal non-viability and that very low MSAFP values are not strongly predictive for fetal death.     

热污染对陡河水库鱼类及其水环境的影响

研究表明,热污染对水环境影响主要表现在水温的频繁变化、水平和纵向上温差明显以及改变水生物的群落结构.寄生虫感染率增加,冷热冲击对胚胎发育的危害和浮游生物群落变化形成的饵料基础是影响鱼类数量和生长的重要因素,鱼类在群落中的生态位特点则决定着对各种变化的反应结果.