秋季清水河大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质评价

2011年秋季对云南省清水河流域的15个样点进行了底栖动物调查。共采集到底栖动物33种,隶属于3门6纲。其中水生昆虫17种,寡毛纲4种,软体动物9种,其他动物3种。寡毛类、软体动物和水生昆虫优势类群分别为霍甫水丝蚓、环棱螺和蚋。底栖动物平均密度为31．2ind．／m2,生物量平均值为5．91g／m2。香农一威纳多样性指数为0．99-3．20。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数（BI）对清水河的水质进行评价。结果显示绝大多数河段水质清洁,但支流清平河出现轻微污染。     

基于大型底栖动物多度量指数的河流多尺度评价

研究大型底栖动物群落特征并构建适当的环境生物指数是评估河流生态系统健康状况的重要途经. 2017年1月对漓江上中下游3个区域41个采样点的大型底栖动物和水体理化指标进行了监测调查,采用主成分分析、分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验等方法,分析大型底栖动物对流域主要环境压迫的响应关系,筛选出最适宜的生物参数构建多度量指数进行环境评估.主成分分析结果表明,影响漓江流域环境的主要因子为p H、电导率和浊度,结合底栖动物的PMA(百分比模式相似性指数)确定了7个环境相对较好的参照点和34个受损点;分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验表明,总分类单元数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、敏感类群数量百分比和刮食者分类单元数能够有效反映环境差异;采用比值法统一量纲后构建了MRMI(major reaches multi-metric index,MRMI),并采用四分法确定了评价标准,即MRMI 3. 02为健康,MRMI 2. 27～3. 02为良好,MRMI1. 51～2. 27为一般,MRMI0. 76～1. 51为差,MRMI≤0. 76为极差.通过构建的MRMI对漓江3个河段进行河流健康评价:上游14个采样点中有12个健康级别在良好以上;中游14个采样点中有8个健康级别在良好以上,有1个采样点的健康级别为差,健康状况较上游相比略有下降;下游13个采样点中仅有4个健康级别达到良好以上,在3个采样区域中健康状况最差.研究显示,在流域尺度上河流健康总体呈现从上游至下游逐渐变差状况,在河段尺度上同一河段内的健康评价结果存在较大差异.总体看来,大型底栖动物多度量指数在流域尺度与河段尺度均能较好地反映河流健康状况.     

STREAM ASSESSMENTS USING BIOTIC INDICES: RESPONSES TO PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABLES1

ABSTRACT: Responses of the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (WSII), a regionally calibrated multimetric index, were investigated in relation to background elevational changes in water quality and habitat conditions versus accelerated anthropogenic degradation at the watershed scale. Assessments were conducted for three rivers in southeast Wyoming: the Little Medicine Bow River, the Medicine Bow River, and Rock Creek. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression models related “core metrics” and index scores to elevational gradients of physicochemical variables. Velocity, substrate, and weighted habitat values were positively correlated to index scores, while suspended solids was negatively correlated. The exclusive dependence of index scores on physical variables specifies the type of environmental gradients the WSII is most robust in detecting. The individual “core metrics” Plecoptera taxa, Trichoptera taxa, percent Trichoptera without Hydropsychidae, and percent noninsects appeared most sensitive to physical changes and were thus driving associations between index scores and physical variables. Despite strong correlations with physical variables, anomalies existed where habitat conditions were good, unknown stressors existed, or gradients were naturally occurring despite “Poor” index scores (i.e., degraded stream conditions). Such findings illustrate the influence of regional variability on biotic indices and the importance of identifying sufficient reference and impaired stream reaches used to develop and calibrate multimetric indices relying on reference conditions.     

THE LIMNOLOGY OF LAKE WABUKAYNE,A STORM-WATER IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT The limnology of a 1.9-ha storm-water detention pond is described. The eutrophic nature of this impoundment is attributed to the nutrients in runoff from the surrounding residential area. During the summer, photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton caused surface waters to become super-saturated with oxygen, while decomposing organic material greatly reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deeper water. Sediment derived from construction activity within the drainage basin caused the impoundment to be turbid. The use of road deicing salts within the drainage basin produced high chloride concentrations and a temporary meromixis during the winter and early spring. The benthic fauna consisted primarily of oligochaetes, chironomids, and chaoborids. High densities of oligochaetes were present in the settling basin. Chaoborid larvae were abundant in the deep basin where low oxygen concentrations reduced the numbers of other benthic macroinvertebrates.     

WATER QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER A HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP1

ABSTRACT: Water samples and macroinvertebrates were collected from Finley Creek, Indiana, both before and two years after the cleanup of a nearby hazardous waste site. Water quality constituents were compared between years. Below the disposal site higher concentrations of constituents were found before and after the cleanup. However, two years after the cleanup, an improvement of water quality was observed. Total dissolved solids decreased by 52% and macroinvertebrate taxa increased by 44%.     

Sequential sampling: A cost-effective approach for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in environmental impact assessments

Sequential sampling is a method for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates that can significantly reduce the number of samples required to reach a decision, and consequently, decrease the cost of benthic sampling in environmental impact assessments.Rather than depending on a fixed number of samples, this analysis cumulatively compares measured parameter values (for example, density, community diversity) from individual samples, with thresholds that are based on specified degrees of precision.In addition to reducing sample size, a monitoring program based on sequential sampling can provide clear-cut decisions as to whethera priori-defined changes in the measured parameter(s) have or have not occurred. As examples, sequential sampling programs have been developed to evaluate the impact of geothermal energy development on benthic macroinvertebrate diversity at The Geysers, California, and for monitoring the impact of crude oil contamination on chironomid midge [Cricotopus bicinctus (Meigen) andC. mackenziensis Oliver] population densities in the Trail River, Northwest Territories, Canada.     

凡河流域大型底栖动物群落特征与环境因子响应关系分析

大型底栖动物是河流生态系统的重要生物类群之一,其是河流生境与水质生物监测与水生态健康评价的重要生物指标。以辽河典型生态保护型河流——凡河为研究区域,对大型底栖动物和环境因子进行调查,分析了大型底栖动物群落特征与生境、水质的响应关系。结果表明,凡河流域大型底栖动物群落结构组成在空间和不同水期呈现差异,其中物种丰度(NO.taxa)等指数空间差异性显著,丰富度(dm)、EPT(Ephemeroptera,Plecoptera and Tricoptera)和科级生物指数FBI(Family Biotic Index)在枯、丰水期间呈显著性差异。环境因子主成分分析(PCA)表明,总磷(TP)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、溶解氧(DO)、生境复杂性(HC)为枯水期和丰水期影响大型底栖动物群落结构组成的共同驱动因子。驱动因子与大型底栖动物相关性及典范对应分析(CCA)表明,TP、BOD5与EPT、FBI分别呈显著负、正相关关系(p0.05),且与摇蚊科(Chironomidae)、颤蚓科(Tubificidae)等耐污类群存在明显响应关系。溶解氧及生境复杂性与物种丰度、丰富度指数呈显著正相关,与扁蜉科(Heptageniidae)、纹石蛾科(Hydropsychidae)、石蝇科(Perlidae)等清洁类群响应关系明显,且在丰水期对大型底栖动物影响较大。     

Hydrogeomorphic Reference Condition and Its Relationship with Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Southeastern U.S. Sand Hills Streams

Defining stream reference conditions is integral to providing benchmarks to ecological perturbation. We quantified channel geometry, hydrologic and environmental variables, and macroinvertebrates in 62 low‐gradient, SE United States (U.S.) Sand Hills (Level IV ecoregion) sand‐bed streams. To identify hydrogeomorphic reference condition (HGM), we clustered channel geometry deviation from expectations given watershed area (Aws), resulting in two HGM groups discriminated by area at the top of bank (Atob) residuals <0.6 m² and >0.6 m² predicted to be HGM reference/nonreference streams, respectively. Two independent partial least squares discriminate analyses used (1) hydrologic/environmental variables and (2) macroinvertebrate mean trait values (mT) on 10 reference/nonreference stream pairs of similar Aws for classification validation. Nonreference streams had flashier hydrographs and altered flow magnitudes, lower organic matter, coarser substrate, higher pH/specific conductivity compared with reference streams. Macroinvertebrate assemblages corresponded to HGM groupings, with mT indicative of multivoltinism, collector‐gatherer functional feeding groups, fast current‐preference taxa, and lower Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness and biotic integrity in nonreference streams. HGM classifications in Sand Hills, sand‐bed streams were determined from channel geometry. This easily implemented classification is indicative of contemporary hydrologic disturbance resulting in contrasting macroinvertebrate assemblages.     

A longitudinal assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the channelized lower Missouri River

We conducted an aquatic macroinvertebrate assessment in the channelized reach of the lower Missouri River, and used statistical analysis of individual metrics and multimetric scores to identify community response patterns and evaluate relative biological condition. We examined longitudinal site differences that are potentially associated with water qualityrelated factors originating from the Kansas City metropolitan area, using data from coarse rock substrate in flowing water habitats (outside river bends), and depositional mud substratein slack water habitats (dike fields). Three sites above rivermile (RM) 369 in Kansas City (Nebraska City, RM = 560; St. Joseph, RM = 530; Parkville, RM = 377) and three below (Lexington, RM = 319; Glasgow, RM = 228; Hermann, RM = 94) were sampled with rock basket artificial substrates, a qualitative kicknet method, and the Petite Ponar. We also compared the performance of the methods used. A total of 132 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the lower Missouri River; one third of these taxa belonged to the sensitiveEPOT insect orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Rock baskets had the highest mean efficiency (34.1%) of the methods, and the largest number of taxa was collected by Ponar (n = 69) and kicknet (n = 69) methods. Seven of the 15 metrics calculated from rock basket data, and five ofthe nine metrics calculated from Ponar data showed highly significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.001) at one or more sitesbelow Kansas City. We observed a substantial reduction in net-spinning Trichoptera in rock habitats below Kansas City (Lexington), an increase in relative dominance of Oligochaeta in depositional habitats at the next site downstream (Glasgow), and lower relative condition scores in rock habitat at Lexingtonand depositional habitat at Glasgow. Collectively, these data indicate that some urban-related impacts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are occurring. Our results suggest that the methods and assessment framework we used in this studycould be successfully applied on a larger scale with concurrentwater and sediment chemistry to validate metrics, establish impairment levels, and develop a specific macroinvertebrate community index for the lower Missouri River. We recommend accomplishing this with longitudinal multi-habitat sampling at a larger number of sites related to all potential sources of impairment, including major tributaries, urban areas, and point sources.     

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MEASURES FOR STREAM INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT IN SOUTH-EAST BRAZIL

The sensitivity of eleven metrics using macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated in an environmental gradient in a tropical river in south-east Brazil. Eight sites were sampled in an altitudinal range of 160–650 m.a.s.l. during 1999 (April and August) and 2000 (February). Four substrates were sampled at each site: riffle litter, pool litter, stony substrates and sediment. Correspondence Analysis indicated that assemblages were primarily more influenced by physical changes (like deforestation and erosion processes) than the water chemistry. The sensitivity of each metric was evaluated through the application of box-and-whisker plot method by its power to assess impairment (metrics should be able to discriminate reference sites from impaired sites) and natural variability (metrics should not discriminate two reference sites). Metrics that failed in at least one of the above premises were not considered as sensitive. In this study, the most sensitive metrics were Shannon index, BMWP-ASPT, %_EPT, and relative abundance of EPT to Chironomidae.