湿地挺水植物根际金属离子的分布及界面扩散通量

挺水植物作为湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,其根系的生长发育过程影响其环境功能的发挥及其根土和水土界面环境生物地球化学过程。界面的氧化还原异质环境是金属离子发生扩散、沉淀和溶解以及吸附和解析等许多瞬时过程的重要场所,这些过程对金属离子在固相和水相的分配起着重要的作用。获取金属离子赋存特征和定量评估大型挺水植物生长对其界面行为的影响,是了解金属离子在界面环境生物地球化学过程的关键环节。利用高分辨率沉积物原位间隙水采样技术（Pore Water Equilibrators,Peeper）获得芦苇、香蒲和茭草3种挺水植物根际与非根际溶液中Al3＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋和Ca2＋的剖面分布特征,并利用Fick第一定律定量估算它们在沉积物-水界面的扩散通量。结果表明：湿地沉积物孔隙水中Al3＋、Fe3＋、Mn2＋和Ca2＋的含量较上覆水存在着明显的富集现象。其中Fe3＋、Mn2＋分布受大型挺水植物影响最为显著,且随沉积物深度增加,富集效应有进一步加剧趋势。从剖面垂向分布来看,Al3＋含量的峰值靠近沉积物的表层,而Fe3＋、Ca2＋和Mn2＋含量峰值出现位置相对较深存在于沉积物中下层。与无植被的对照区域相比,4种金属离子含量在植物根区附近显著升高（P〈0.05）,其中Al3＋、Fe3＋和Ca2＋受芦苇生长过程影响最为明显,其在根际孔隙水中峰值含量达18.3、513和5408μmol·L-1,较对照分别增加了6.0、2.5及25.8倍,芦苇根际效应显著高于香蒲和茭草。多重比较分析结果显示,Mn2＋在根区的分布受茭草影响最大,在根区孔隙水中浓度为21~97μmol·L-1较对照区的1.1~52.5μmol·L-1,平均浓度增加65%。受植物根区环境的影响,Fe3＋和Ca2＋在植物根区释放速率明显加快,其中茭草根区释放速率分别为（35.38±3.05）和（240.18±20.71）μmol·m-2·d-1较对照区增加10倍;另外湿地植物存在直接导     

沉水植物对阿特拉津胁迫的毒理响应

为揭示在阿特拉津胁迫下沉水植物生长及其与谷胱甘肽代谢途径的关系,通过培养实验研究了沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)对0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mg·kg~(-1)阿特拉津的吸收特性,并对不同培养时期沉水植物的鲜重、总谷胱甘肽含量(T-GSH,即还原型谷胱甘肽GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽GSSG之和)、GSH/GSSG比值及其形态变化、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性进行了测定。结果表明:沉积物阿特拉津初始浓度越高,植物体内阿特拉津浓度也越高。在培养60 d内,添加的阿特拉津对2种沉水植物的生长均产生显著抑制作用(P0.05)。在阿特拉津胁迫60 d后,各处理植物体内GSH/GSSG比值有所回升,其GR和GST活性均高于空白对照组。处理组植物体内GR和GST活性在30 d时达到最高值。与此同时,GSH脱去谷氨酸后能与阿特拉津形成共轭物。以上结果提示,≤2 mg·kg~(-1)阿特拉津在培养前60 d内会对植物生长产生抑制,但在90 d时植物会从伤害中恢复过来。沉水植物体内的谷胱甘肽在GR和GST作用下,对阿特拉津及其产生的活性氧具有一定去除作用,并通过控制酶活使植物体保持一定的GSH含量;另一方面,GSH可以与阿特拉津结合形成新的共轭物,以此缓解阿特拉津对沉水植物的毒害。     

Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes

• Sediment desiccation alters morphological characteristics of aquatic sediment. • Alternation in morphological properties of sediment limiting root characteristics. • Fibrous-rooted macrophytes root properties extra favor nutrients removal. • Thick-rooted macrophytes exhibit higher life-span in two sediment types. Purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of constantly wet and dried-rewetted sediments on root functional traits of emerged macrophytes and their nutrients removal abilities. It is based on the hypothesis that root characteristics and nutrients removal abilities of plants will be altered in the course of sediment desiccation. Four emerged macrophytes including two fibrous-root plants (Canna indica and Acorus calamus) and two thick-root plants (Alocasia cucullata and Aglaonema commutatum) were investigated for their root functional traits and rhizoperformance in both wet and dried-rewetted sediments. Results showed that sediment desiccation followed by rewetting substantially altered the root functional traits (root surface area, radial oxygen loss, and root activity) of plants due to adverse changes in morphological characteristics (porosity, bulk density, particle density) of dried-rewetted sediments than by wet sediments. Consequently, limited plants growth and removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recorded in dried-rewetted sediments and their pore water than in wet sediments. Radial oxygen loss from plant roots correlated positively with root functional traits, plants growth, and removal of N, P and DOC from pore water and sediment in both sediment types. Among the macrophyte species, the fibrous-root plants having advantages root functional traits, greatly influenced the rhizospheric conditions (pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential), and demonstrated higher N, P and DOC reduction from both sediment types. While, the thick-rooted plants with thick diameter roots (D > 1 mm) and higher rhizome exhibited longer life-span in both sediment types.     

4种典型沉水植物对去除镉污染底泥的应用效果

本研究选取4种典型沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）、伊乐藻（Elodea canadensis）、菹草（Potamogeton crispus）和金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）,通过对植物叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性的检测来分析植物对镉的耐受效应,并借助生物/底泥富集因子（BSAF）和植物转运因子（TF）来了解植物的富集能力,最后通过植物组织化学方法来揭示镉在沉水植物体内的分布情况,以期为沉水植物的实际应用提供理论支持.结果表明,除金鱼藻以外的3种植物对底泥镉污染有不同耐受能力,其中黑藻和伊乐藻的耐受能力最强.在底泥镉含量不超过20mg·kg^-1时,菹草的富集能力最强（BSAF为2.32）.金鱼藻在本实验中BSAF均小于1.0,说明根在镉污染底泥的植物修复中起着重要作用.比较不同植物的TF可以发现,黑藻根部对镉的地上转运能力最强,而菹草主要将镉富集于植物根部,同时与其他植物不同,在镉含量为50mg·kg^-1时,镉已均匀分布在菹草茎部细胞器中.综合植物对镉污染的耐受和富集机制,并结合实际情况,最终将黑藻和菹草选为修复含镉底泥的理想植物,同时结合植物不同的转运能力,建议可仅去除黑藻的地上部分,而及时定期连根拔除菹草.     

Monitoring of Aquatic Macrophytes for Detection of Long-term Change in River Systems

This paper presents details of the methodology developed by the United Kingdom's Environmental Change Network for the long-term monitoring of macrophytes in rivers and streams. The methodology is based on techniques first proposed by the Standing Committee of Analysts (1987) and later adapted by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) and Environment Agency, but differs in splitting the surveyed 100 m stretch of waterinto sections to provide an objective measure of the frequencyof occurrence of individual species in place of the moresubjective estimation of cover. A pilot study of the ECN methodology took place at five sitesin 1997. The results of this study, including a few practicaldifficulties in the application of the methodology, are presented and discussed. For all but one of the sites strongassociations were found between the number of species observedand the physical characteristics of the watercourse. The most important characteristics were degree of shading, substrate type, depth and clarity. The frequency of occurrence of individual species within sections of the watercourse was foundto be strongly related to the log of the overall estimates of cover. Because the use of sections, rather than a single overall coverestimate, enables variation in the pattern of vegetation over surveyed stretches to be detected and related to watercourse characteristics, the precision with which change can be detected is increased, and the possibility of determining the causes of change is thereby enhanced. Moreover the use of sections allows within-site variation to be calculated and hence the accuracy of estimated changes to be quantified.In general implementation of the ECN methodology was not found to be particularly onerous or difficult. As a result of the pilot study some changes in the ECN methodology have been made, primarily to reduce the workload so that sites can be surveyed comfortably in a single day.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Selection of (bio) indicators to assess effects of freshwater use in wetlands: a case study of s’Albufera de Mallorca, Spain

Parc Natural sAlbufera de Mallorca is an internationally recognised resting area for a wide array of migratory birds, and like most wetlands it has many other ecological functions and socio-economic values. In the catchment, in which the wetland is situated, expanding tourism and intensification of agriculture place much pressure on a limited amount of freshwater. The freshwater supply to the wetland decreased due to water-extraction mainly driven by intensification of agriculture in the catchment. As a result saltwater intrusion increased since 1983–1985. This had considerable impacts on the ecological integrity of the wetland as reflected by changes in the state of the aquatic ecosystem. The distribution of submerged plants, less tolerant of salinity, declined or disappeared, while the distribution of species, known to prefer high salinity increased. As a contribution to the development of monitoring programs and management strategies that address both socio-economic and natural water demand, this article will formulate ecological criteria to assess the natural water demand by selection of (bio)indicators within the aquatic ecosystem.     

富营养化水体细菌去除氮磷能力研究

微生物既是营养物质的分解者,又是生产者。研究浮游细菌和根际细菌在植物+微生物复合水生态系统中的作用机理及影响因素,对合理选择和使用水体净化的水生高等植物具有重要意义。实验以常见水生漂浮植物荇菜为实验材料,设计总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)两个浓度梯度,每个梯度各设5个浓度,研究水体氮磷营养物质浓度和细菌数量的变化。浮游细菌和根际细菌总数的变化以及它们与TN、TP去除率之间的相关性分析表明,无论在总磷或总氮浓度梯度中,浮游细菌、根际细菌总数的增量基本都与TN去除率呈正相关性,而与TP去除率的相关性不大明显,浮游细菌的总数是在第7天达到最大值。在植物+微生物系统去除氮、磷过程中,对氮的去除以细菌为主,包括浮游细菌和根际细菌;对磷的去除则以植物吸收为主,根际磷细菌也起了一定的作用。因此,在一些富营养化水体,尤其是氮浓度较高的富营养化水体,荇菜是一种较好的水体净化植物。     

水体底质中磷对菹草生长的影响

通过5个含磷质量分数不同的底质内菹草的生长试验,研究了水体底质中含磷质量分数的单因子差异对菹草生长的影响.结果表明,含磷质量分数≤2.0 g/kg的底质中菹草在试验期间均正常生长,含磷质量分数的增加对菹草生物量的累积和平均株高的增长起促进作用;当底质中含磷质量分数达到2.5 g/kg,从试验中期(21 d)开始,菹草正...     

常见沉水植物对东湖重度富营养化水体磷的去除效果

采用人工模拟方法,选取武汉市东湖的春季优势种金鱼藻、伊乐藻和菹草,夏季优势种类金鱼藻、狐尾藻和苦草,在春夏两个季节分别对东湖重度富营养化水体磷的去除效果进行了比较研究。结果显示：5种沉水植物在春夏季节生长良好,其中金鱼藻生物量增长率最高（春季为12888％,夏季为5833％）。5种沉水植物均能较好地吸收上覆水中的磷,其中金鱼藻在春夏两季对水体总磷的去除率均为最高（春季为9175％,夏季为9244％）。同时5种沉水植物还可抑止底泥中磷的释放,均使上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持较低水平。结果表明,金鱼藻在春夏季节均表现出较好的生长和净化水体磷的能力,且其耐污能力强,有可能成为以东湖为代表的重度富营养浅水湖区植物修复的先锋种之一。