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121.
为探索天然气管道施工后土壤植被恢复的影响因素,研究了榆林脆弱黄土区管道施工扰动和周边天然植被区的植被特点、土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构.结果表明:管道施工扰动后,与天然植被区比较,扰动区植被盖度从60%下降到30%,土壤养分除全钾和全磷含量分别増加了29.97%和18.24%外,土壤含水率、有机质、全氮、速效钾、速效磷、速效氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶均显著降低,土壤p H变化明显;扰动区土壤细菌丰度和多样性显著低于天然植被区.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为共同优势细菌,但扰动区变形菌门的丰度显著增加,从30.83%增加到49.26%.在属水平上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingosine)为共同优势菌属,扰动区两者丰度分别从6.31%和5.28%增加到19.95%和9.69%(p0.01),表明扰动后逆境适应性强的细菌丰度增加.细菌优势菌属与土壤理化因子相关性分析表明,假单胞菌属分布与土壤理化因子无显著相关性,芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属与全钾呈显著负相关(p0.01),GP6与速效氮呈显著负相关,与速效磷呈显著负相关(p0.01),与全磷呈显著正相关(p0.05),表明土壤养分会影响细菌群落结构和多样性. 相似文献
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为探明清洁生产技术在我国大气污染物削减中所起的作用,本文以火电行业为例,以SO_2作为特征污染物,对“清洁生产”和“末端治理”技术进行了筛选,建立了削污和减排效果分析模型,并收集火电行业的权威统计数据,计算了火电行业“清洁生产”技术削污量与“末端治理”技术减排量及两类技术各自削减量占比情况,研究了建国以来(1949—2013年)我国火电行业清洁生产技术削污效果和末端治理技术减排效果及其演变规律,并在此基础上提出政策建议.研究结果显示,以火电行业发电效率最低的低温低压发电技术为基准线,1949—2013年65年期间电力行业通过清洁生产技术累计实现SO_2削污量为4.94亿t,节约4940亿元的环保资金投入,削污率达到58.5%;2002—2013年12年期间电力行业末端治理技术累计实现SO_2减排量为1.10亿t,减排率为13.0%. 相似文献
124.
GREGORY P. ASNER THOMAS K. RUDEL T. MITCHELL AIDE RUTH DEFRIES RUTH EMERSON 《Conservation biology》2009,23(6):1386-1395
Abstract: In recent decades the rate and geographic extent of land‐use and land‐cover change has increased throughout the world's humid tropical forests. The pan‐tropical geography of forest change is a challenge to assess, and improved estimates of the human footprint in the tropics are critical to understanding potential changes in biodiversity. We combined recently published and new satellite observations, along with images from Google Earth and a literature review, to estimate the contemporary global extent of deforestation, selective logging, and secondary regrowth in humid tropical forests. Roughly 1.4% of the biome was deforested between 2000 and 2005. As of 2005, about half of the humid tropical forest biome contained 50% or less tree cover. Although not directly comparable to deforestation, geographic estimates of selective logging indicate that at least 20% of the humid tropical forest biome was undergoing some level of timber harvesting between 2000 and 2005. Forest recovery estimates are even less certain, but a compilation of available reports suggests that at least 1.2% of the humid tropical forest biome was in some stage of long‐term secondary regrowth in 2000. Nearly 70% of the regrowth reports indicate forest regeneration in hilly, upland, and mountainous environments considered marginal for large‐scale agriculture and ranching. Our estimates of the human footprint are conservative because they do not resolve very small‐scale deforestation, low‐intensity logging, and unreported secondary regrowth, nor do they incorporate other impacts on tropical forest ecosystems, such as fire and hunting. Our results highlight the enormous geographic extent of forest change throughout the humid tropics and the considerable limitations of the science and technology available for such a synthesis. 相似文献
125.
Abstract: The successful invasion of exotic plants is often attributed to the absence of coevolved enemies in the introduced range (i.e., the enemy release hypothesis). Nevertheless, several components of this hypothesis, including the role of generalist herbivores, remain relatively unexplored. We used repeated censuses of exclosures and paired controls to investigate the role of a generalist herbivore, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), in the invasion of 3 exotic plant species (Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, and Berberis thunbergii) in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (U.S.A.). This work was conducted in 10 eastern hemlock (T. canadensis) forests that spanned gradients in deer density and in the severity of canopy disturbance caused by an introduced insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). We used maximum likelihood estimation and information theoretics to quantify the strength of evidence for alternative models of the influence of deer density and its interaction with the severity of canopy disturbance on exotic plant abundance. Our results were consistent with the enemy release hypothesis in that exotic plants gained a competitive advantage in the presence of generalist herbivores in the introduced range. The abundance of all 3 exotic plants increased significantly more in the control plots than in the paired exclosures. For all species, the inclusion of canopy disturbance parameters resulted in models with substantially greater support than the deer density only models. Our results suggest that white‐tailed deer herbivory can accelerate the invasion of exotic plants and that canopy disturbance can interact with herbivory to magnify the impact. In addition, our results provide compelling evidence of nonlinear relationships between deer density and the impact of herbivory on exotic species abundance. These findings highlight the important role of herbivore density in determining impacts on plant abundance and provide evidence of the operation of multiple mechanisms in exotic plant invasion. 相似文献
126.
为了阐明反复扰动下,不同初始浓度藻对沉积物中各形态磷释放的影响.以太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水作为研究材料,探讨了扰动和藻类共同作用下沉积物中各形态磷的变化规律.结果表明,无扰动状态下,NH4Cl-P和Res-P均有所降低,而Fe/Al-P和Ca-P则有所增加.其中,Ca-P随藻类初始浓度增加而增加,分别增加48%、66%、74%.但是,扰动状态下,NH4Cl-P和Res-P也明显降低.Fe/Al-P明显增加,其占总磷的百分比为66.2%(3组试验的平均值)高于不扰动状态(53.4%,3组试验的平均值);此外,Ca-P占总磷的百分比为24.1%(3组扰动试验的平均值)明显低于不扰动状态(33.0%,3组试验的平均值).这暗示了扰动和藻类共同作用下促进了Fe/Al-P的形成,而无扰动下藻类却促进了Ca-P的形成. 相似文献
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128.
Valeria Spagnuolo Flavia De Nicol Stefano Terracciano Roberto Bargagli Daniela Baldantoni Fabrizio Monaci Anna Alfani Simonetta Giordano 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(12):2493-2499
We determined genetic variation and metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Leptodon smithii moss collected in holm oak stands at cities, outskirts and remote areas of Campania and Tuscany(Italy) to investigate if anthropogenic pressure(pollutant emissions and land use change) affects moss genetic richness. In both regions, metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations reflected the trend urban 〉 outskirts 〉 remote areas, excepting Tuscany remote site. In both regions,the moss gene diversity increased from urban to remote areas. The findings suggest the extent and the fragmentation of urban green areas, as drivers of moss genetic richness. 相似文献
129.
结合输变电工程环境影响评价实例,参照相应的国家标准,客观阐述了高压输电线路周围电场和磁场的电磁环境影响程度。结果表明,110/220kV高压输电线路周围的电磁场强度值远低于国家标准要求限值,不会对公众生活造成不利影响。 相似文献
130.