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311.
Cohen MJ Dabral S Graham WD Prenger JP Debusk WF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):427-457
Rapid, repeatable assessment of ecological condition is critical for quantitative ecosystem monitoring. Soils provide a sensitive,
integrative indicator for which sampling and analysis techniques are well defined. We evaluated soil properties as indicators
of ecological condition (subjectively classified into minimally/moderately/severely degraded based on vegetative, hydrologic
and edaphic cues) at 526 sites within Ft. Benning military installation (Georgia, USA). For each sample, we measured 17 biogeochemical
parameters, and collected high-resolution diffuse reflectance spectra using visible/near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
(VNIRS). VNIR spectra have been related to numerous soil attributes — we examine them here for diagnosing integrated response
(i.e., ecological condition). We used ordinal logistic regression (OLR) and classification trees (CT) to discriminate between
condition categories using both sets of predictors (biogeochemistry and spectra). Sixteen biogeochemical parameters were significantly
different across condition categories; however, multivariate models greatly improved discrimination ([calibration, validation]
accuracy of [69%, 66%] and [96%, 73%] for OLT and CT models, respectively). Important predictors included total C, total P,
and Mehlich K/Ca/Mg. VNIR spectra further improved discrimination ([calibration, validation] accuracy of [74%, 70%] and [96%,
75%] for OLR and CT models, respectively). While spectra were comparably effective at discriminating minimally degraded sites,
they were significantly more effective at discriminating severely degraded sites. Error rates across confounding factors suggest
that watershed of origin and landscape position were the only important confounders, likely due to imbalanced sampling. We
conclude that multivariate diagnosis improves accuracy, and that VNIR spectroscopy, which yields substantial cost and logistical
improvements over conventional analyses, provides an effective tool for rapid condition diagnosis. 相似文献
312.
不同培养条件下扰动对两种淡水藻生长的影响 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:9
研究了单种和按1∶1配比混合培养条件下,不同扰动强度对铜锈微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响,结果表明:在试验所模拟的扰动强度范围内,较小的扰动有利于藻类的生长和聚集,单独培养的微囊藻和栅藻均在扰动强度为90r/min时藻比增长率最大;当转速大于该值时,随着扰动强度的加大,藻比增长率呈现下降趋势。在共培养体系中,铜锈微囊藻的比增长率均大于单独培养时的比增长率,且在扰动强度为90r/min时最大;栅藻由于竞争能力较弱,生长能力受到微囊藻的抑制,其生长状况明显劣于单独培养时的情况,且比增长率大大减小。 相似文献
313.
314.
自制电压为10kV的高压脉冲放电反应器,对质量浓度为200mg/L的模拟活性艳红K-2BP废水进行脱色和去除COD实验。实验结果表明:通氧气高压脉冲放电与高压脉冲放电相比,废水脱色率提高了1.3%,约为6%,COD去除率提高了3%,达14%;高压脉冲放电协同臭氧氧化与臭氧氧化相比,反应初期废水脱色率提高了约10%,反应30min后废水脱色率均达99%以上,COD去除率提高了15.2%,达80%。向废水中加入Na2CO3可使COD去除率明显下降;加入NaCl,在臭氧氧化条件下,COD去除率由66.86%降至58.86%;而加入Na2SO4后COD去除率升至81.70%。 相似文献
315.
Fish Responses to Experimental Fragmentation of Seagrass Habitat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
PETER I. MACREADIE† JEREMY S. HINDELL‡†† GREGORY P. JENKINS‡ ROD M. CONNOLLY§ MICHAEL J. KEOUGH 《Conservation biology》2009,23(3):644-652
Abstract: Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation has come mostly from comparisons of patchy and continuous habitats. Because fragmentation is a process, it is most accurately studied by actively fragmenting large patches into multiple smaller patches. We fragmented artificial seagrass habitats and evaluated the impacts of fragmentation on fish abundance and species richness over time (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). Fish assemblages were compared among 4 treatments: control (single, continuous 9‐m2 patches); fragmented (single, continuous 9‐m2 patches fragmented to 4 discrete 1‐m2 patches); prefragmented/patchy (4 discrete 1‐m2 patches with the same arrangement as fragmented); and disturbance control (fragmented then immediately restored to continuous 9‐m2 patches). Patchy seagrass had lower species richness than actively fragmented seagrass (up to 39% fewer species after 1 week), but species richness in fragmented treatments was similar to controls. Total fish abundance did not vary among treatments and therefore was unaffected by fragmentation, patchiness, or disturbance caused during fragmentation. Patterns in species richness and abundance were consistent 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after fragmentation. The expected decrease in fish abundance from reduced total seagrass area in fragmented and patchy seagrass appeared to be offset by greater fish density per unit area of seagrass. If fish prefer to live at edges, then the effects of seagrass habitat loss on fish abundance may have been offset by the increase (25%) in seagrass perimeter in fragmented and patchy treatments. Possibly there is some threshold of seagrass patch connectivity below which fish abundances cannot be maintained. The immediate responses of fish to experimental habitat fragmentation provided insights beyond those possible from comparisons of continuous and historically patchy habitat. 相似文献
316.
为研究灾变时期井下避难硐室进出口有毒气体CO入侵弥散问题,基于等效原理,利用Gambit软件建立地面钻孔正压通风避难硐室物理模型和开门状态下有毒气体进入避难硐室的流体力学原理及气体弥散数学模型,并利用Fluent软件模拟钻孔压风量与室内CO浓度变化关系,提出在避难硐室的隔离门前加装门衬的办法,使避难人员穿过避难硐室门时... 相似文献
317.
As human populations expand and nonhuman animals decline, understanding the interactions between people and wildlife is essential.
For endangered species, appreciating the effect of human disturbance can be important for their conservation. However, a human
disturbance angle is often absent from ecological research, despite growing evidence of the negative impact of nonfatal human
interference. Here, we monitored Hainan Eld’s deer living within a reserve and translocated animals living amongst villagers.
We show that translocated deer deviated from a crepuscular activity pattern and became increasingly nocturnal, and most active
when villagers were not. It appears that translocated deer adapted over time to human disturbance and this pattern is similar
to that of other species during periods of hunting. People do not pose an actual threat to Eld’s deer, but their presence
triggered a response akin to predator avoidance and may be interfering with broader aspects of their biology and conservation. 相似文献
318.
This study evaluated the impact of small boat traffic on reaction distances of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in the marine waters of Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, British Columbia, Canada. Observers on moving boats recorded the minimum distance the boat came to murrelets on the water, and any disturbance reaction (fly, dive, no reaction). Out of the 7500 interactions 11.7% flew, 30.8% dove and 58.1% exhibited no flushing reaction. Using a product-limit analysis, we developed curves for the proportion of Marbled Murrelets flushing (dive or flight) as a function of reaction distance. Overall, the majority of Marbled Murrelets waited until boats were within 40 m before reacting, with 25% of the population reacting at 29.2m. A stepwise Cox regression indicated that age, boat speed, and boat density (loaded in that order), significantly affected flushing response. More juveniles flushed than adults (70.1 versus 51.7%), but at closer distances. Faster boats caused a greater proportion of birds to flush, and at further distances (25% of birds flushed at 40 m at speeds > 29 kph versus 28m at speeds <12kph). A stepwise logistic regression on diving and flight responses indicated that birds tended to fly completely out of feeding areas at the approach of boats travelling >28.8 kph and later in the season (July and August). Other secondary variables included; boat density and time of day. Discussion focused on possible management actions such as the application of speed limits, set back distances, and exclusion of boat traffic to protect Marbled Murrelets. 相似文献
319.
Philip R. Kaufmann David P. Larsen John M. Faustini 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(2):434-459
Abstract: To evaluate anthropogenic sedimentation in United States (U.S.) Pacific Northwest coastal streams, we applied an index of relative bed stability (LRBS*) to summer low flow survey data collected using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program field methods in a probability sample of 101 wadeable stream reaches. LRBS* is the log of the ratio of bed surface geometric mean particle diameter (Dgm) to critical diameter (D*cbf) at bankfull flow, based on a modified Shield’s criterion for incipient motion. We used a formulation of LRBS* that explicitly accounts for reductions in bed shear stress that result from channel form roughness due to pools and wood. LRBS* ranged from ?1.9 to +0.5 in streams within the lower quartile of human riparian and basin disturbance, and was substantially lower (?4.2 to ?1.1) in streams within the upper quartile of human disturbance. Modeling results suggest that the expected range of LRBS* in streams without human disturbances in this region might be generally between ?0.7 and +0.5 in either sedimentary or volcanic lithology. However, streams draining relatively soft, erodible sedimentary lithology showed greater reductions in LRBS* associated with disturbance than did those having harder, more resistant volcanic (basalt) lithology with similar levels of basin and riparian disturbance. At any given level of disturbance, smaller streams had lower LRBS* than those with larger drainages. In sedimentary lithology (sandstone and siltstone), high‐gradient streams had higher LRBS* than did low‐gradient streams of the same size and level of human disturbance. High gradient streams in volcanic lithology, in contrast, had lower LRBS* than low‐gradient streams of similar size and disturbance. Correlations between Dgm and land disturbance were stronger than those observed between D*cbf and land disturbance. This pattern suggests that land use has augmented sediment supplies and increased streambed fine sediments in the most disturbed streams. However, we also show evidence that some of the apparent reductions in LRBS*, particularly in steep streams draining small volcanic drainages, may have resulted in part from anthropogenic increases in bed shear stress. The synoptic survey methods and designs we use appear adequate to evaluate regional patterns in bed stability and sedimentation and their general relationship to human disturbances. More precise field measurements of channel slope, cross‐section geometry, and bed surface particle size would be required to use LRBS* in applications requiring a higher degree of accuracy and precision, such as site‐specific assessments at individual streams. 相似文献
320.
在停电检修电器设备时,只断开三根相线(火线)而不断开中性线(零线),常常因中性线上带有危险故障电压引起事故。因此,四极开关是满足电气检修安全需要的隔离设备,是防止电器部分检修时发生电气事故的有效措施,它应符合电气隔离规定的爬电距离、空气间隙、绝缘水平等要求。 相似文献