气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的气候变化和对全球生态环境的影响已受到国际社会的普遍关注。火干扰作为森林生态系统重要的干扰因子,对森林生态系统碳循环产生重要影响以及对未来气候变化的响应更是人们关注的重点。正确理解气候变暖、火干扰与森林生态系统碳循环之间的因果循环关系,了解气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响,对制定科学合理的林火管理策略、充分发挥林火管理在森林生态系统碳循环和碳平衡以及缓解碳排放中的作用均有重要的意义。系统论述了气候变暖、火干扰与森林生态系统碳循环之间的逻辑循环关系,并对相关的研究进展进行综述。重点剖析了气候变暖对火干扰的影响,气候变暖背景下火干扰对森林生态系统碳循环的影响,并提出了全球变暖背景下科学有效的林火管理策略与措施,以及今后需要加强的一些研究领域及方向。     

An alternative approach to reconstructing organic matter accumulation with contrasting watershed disturbance histories from lake sediments

A number of proxies, including carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) and stable isotopes (delta(13)C and delta(15)N), have been used to reconstruct organic matter (OM) profiles from lake sediments and these proxies individually or in combination cannot clearly discriminate different sources. Here we present an alternative approach to elucidate this problem from lake sediments as a function of watershed scale land use changes. Stable isotope signatures of defined OM sources from the study watersheds, Shawnigan Lake (SHL) and Elk Lake (ELL), were compared with sedimentary proxy records. Results from this study reveal that terrestrial inputs and catchment soil coinciding with the watershed disturbances histories probably contributed in recent trophic enrichment in SHL. In contrast, cultural eutrophication in ELL was partially a result of input from catchment soil (agricultural activities) with significant input from lake primary production as well. Results were consistent in both IsoSource (IsoSource version 1.2 is a Visual Basic program used for source separation, (http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/models/isosource/isosource.htm) and discriminant analysis (statistical classification technique).     

某国际机场航站楼离港层大空间的复合排烟方案

某国际机场航站楼的离港层大厅防火分区包括离港大厅和安检边检区,建筑面积近2万平米,最高处净高22米,最低处净高4米,属于复杂的大空间建筑,难以采用全区的机械排烟或自然排烟方案.采用了一种复合排烟方案以保证人员安全疏散和灭火救援,即在离港大厅内自然排烟,在安检边检区机械排烟,在离港大厅和安检边检区之间的大开口处设置挡烟垂壁,防止烟气相互蔓延.两个区域的排烟系统各自独立控制,但可以在排烟时通过大开口为相邻区域提供自然补风.此外还在安检边检区设置快速响应喷头来控制火灾热释放速率.该排烟方案充分利用了空问特点,有利于烟气控制和人员安全疏散.最后通过计算机数值模拟验证了该方案的合理性和有效性.     

基于高压电容器振动试验夹具材料的选用与设计

介绍了一种基于高压电容器性能检测及振动试验所需的夹具,从夹具材料的选取、结构设计和刚度要求进行了设计,分析了该夹具在制造过程中存在的关键问题及解决方法,并在振动试验中加以验证。     

Effect of high-voltage direct current link on small signal stability of a power system with different penetration level of doubly fed induction generator and direct drive synchronous generator based wind farms

High penetration level of wind power has significant impact on the dynamic performance of power system. Power system with existing high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link may influence the stability of power system at high penetration level of wind power. This article investigates the stability issues of power system with existing HVDC link for different penetration level of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and direct drive synchronous generator (DDSG) based wind farms. The small signal stability analysis shows that power system with HVDC link has improved the stability of the power system for increased penetration of DFIG- and DDSG-based wind farms.     

A novel objective function for optimal DG allocation in distribution systems using meta-heuristic algorithms

Meta heuristic algorithms have been introduced as a powerful method to solve the nonlinear optimization problems. These algorithms have been employed in many complex engineering problems due to their high capability in finding the solutions and reaching the optimal results within a short period of time. Optimization of distributed generation units in distribution systems, which have profoundly impacted on the system losses and voltage profile, is one of these nonlinear problems. In this study, a novel objective function was proposed for optimization procedure by meta-heuristic algorithms. The related objective function consists of the total cost of distributed generation units, cost of the purchased natural gas, cost of distribution system power losses, and penalty for greenhouse gas emissions. The electrical, cooling, and heating loads were considered in this study. In the distribution system, the waste and fuel cell were used to supply the required heating and cooling loads. The meta-heuristic algorithms including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) were employed to find the optimal location and size of distributed generation units in a distribution system. A detailed performance analysis was done on 13 bus radial distribution system. The performances of three algorithms were compared with each other and results showed that the PSO was the fastest; and had the best solution and optimum results. Furthermore, the PSO reached the optimum solution in a fewer number of iterations than the GA and ICA algorithms.     

燃煤电厂电除尘器的节能和提效

介绍了华能北京热电厂液态排渣塔式直流炉4号电除尘器电源控制系统改造后所取得的成果.该电厂采用了ZH2005型控制器,烟尘排放质量浓度达到20mg/m3左右,可节省电费58万元/a,减排粉尘120t/a.     

高海拔工程扰动区不同植物生态修复适应性研究

以砂生槐、白羊草、黑穗画眉草、狗尾草、白三叶草等5种先锋植物为研究对象,通过植物调查和土壤采样室内养分测定,结合主成分分析法,对不同试验区的植物群落结构和土壤肥力进行相关性分析。结果表明：与对照区相比,不同试验区Shannon Wiener指数（H）表现出显著差异,Simpson优势度指数（D）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）差异不明显,不同群落 H值依次为黑穗画眉草植物群落＞白羊草植物群落＞砂生槐植物群落＞白三叶草植物群落＞狗尾草植物群落;不同植物群落下土壤有效氮含量、含水率平均值明显高于对照区,砂生槐改良土壤肥力效果最好,白三叶草对土壤含水率影响最大。     

基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法研究

现有的变压器故障诊断方法较为复杂且计算冗余度较高,在高压变频器的功率单元频繁发生故障时难以高效地检测故障。为此,提出基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法。采用小波包分解方法提取高压变频器功率单元的电压信号特征熵,将该特征熵输入到支持向量机模型。使用迭代退火算法优化支持向量机的训练参数,并输出诊断结果。研究结果表明：该方法提取的高压变频器单元故障的平均冗余度最低至3.2%,平均诊断时间为15.1 ms,可实现高压变频器功率单元频繁故障的高效诊断。     

城市污泥电渗脱水实验研究

电渗脱水是一种能有效去除污泥中水分以实现减量的处理方法.本文采用自制电渗脱水装置进行了城市污泥的电渗脱水实验.通过监测脱水过程中电渗流量、电压梯度与剩余含水率的变化,考察了电压梯度、电极间距和处理时间的影响,并进一步分析了电渗处理过程中脱水效果变化的原因.处理中随着脱水效果由阳极向阴极发展,污泥可划分为已脱水污泥与未脱水污泥,已脱水污泥内电渗停止,电渗与水分的脱除发生在未脱水污泥内,并由未脱水污泥的电压梯度决定.已脱水污泥阻值上升,使未脱水污泥电压梯度逐渐降低,造成了电渗流量与脱水效果的衰减,并使得污泥剩余含水率由阳极至阴极逐渐增加.电渗脱水的整体效果随加载电压的增加而提高,脱水能耗亦随之增加,选取较小的电极间距时电渗脱水能效较高.