不同氮水平下间作对玉米土壤硝化势和氨氧化微生物数量的影响

利用荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,Q-PCR)技术,结合氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA)丰度和土壤理化性质的测定,探索了不同氮水平下间作对玉米土壤硝化势(PNF)的影响.试验设置玉米单作和与马铃薯间作两个种植模式,4个施氮水平(不施氮N0、1/2常规施氮N1、常规施氮N2和3/2常规施氮N3)的随机区组试验.结果表明,从不施氮到常规施氮,土壤硝化势和AOA、AOB数量均随施氮量增加而逐渐增加,而高氮(N3)时与N2没有显著差异;间作对土壤硝化势、AOA与AOB数量的影响与施氮量和作物生育期有关,低氮投入(N1)间作有利于增加土壤氨氧化微生物数量和硝化作用.施肥是硝化势增加的主要驱动因子,相关性分析结果表明,土壤含水量是影响PNF的主要环境因子;PNF与土壤中AOA、AOB amoA基因丰度成显著的正相关.尽管玉米马铃薯间作降低了土壤中AOA、AOB amoA基因丰度,却使得间作土壤中AOB占据氨氧化微生物数量上的优势.以上结果表明,施氮和间作均影响了土壤硝化作用和氨氧化微生物AOA和AOB数量的变化,这些变化会影响土壤环境质量.     

晋南两熟半干旱区“粮药”(半夏)农田生态抗旱耕作模式效益研究

采用大田试验,设计冬小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)在春季起身后套作半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.](小麦/半夏)、冬油菜(Brassica campestris L.)收获后复播半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.](油菜-半夏)和春玉米(Zea mays L.)与半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.]间作(玉米+半夏)3种耕作模式,探讨晋南两熟半干旱区适宜半夏的粮药耕作模式。结果表明:与油菜-半夏、玉米+半夏耕作模式相比,小麦/半夏耕作模式经济产量最高,生态效益最好;不同半夏品种中,西河半夏(原产地温度相对最低)产量最高,新绛半夏(原产地温度相对较高)产量最低。表明半夏适宜于从低温地区引种到高温地区栽培,可提高产量。与商洛半夏和新绛半夏相比,西河半夏分别增产19.1%和41.9%;小麦/半夏耕作模式为最佳粮药耕作模式,其半夏产量与油菜-半夏和玉米+半夏耕作模式相比,分别增产53.4%和70.8%。     

土壤微生物群落对玉米根茬和茎叶残体碳的利用特征

以沈阳农业大学连续29a棕壤长期定位施肥试验为基础,以¹³C标记的玉米植株为试验试材,采用田间原位培养方法和磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素示踪联用（PLFA-SIP）技术,研究土壤不同粒级团聚体中微生物群落对残体碳的同化状况,及土壤有机碳的固定这一关键生物地球化学过程.结果表明：植物残体添加显著增加了全土及各粒级团聚体中各微生物群落PLFAs含量,其中以真菌PLFAs含量增幅最高,细菌中以革兰氏阴性菌含量增幅最高;但不同残体类型并未对全土中各群落PLFAs含量产生显著影响.茎叶碳与根茬碳的矿化率无显著差异;根茬碳对总PLFAs碳库的贡献是茎叶碳的3.9倍,说明根茬碳更有利于通过微生物合成的方式贡献于土壤有机碳库.残体碳占不同微生物群落PLFAs碳库的比例以真菌最高,表明真菌对植物残体碳具有最强的同化能力;而残体碳对PLFAs的贡献在革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌之间却差异不大.残体碳含量、PLFAs含量和残体碳占微生物PLFAs碳库的比例均在较小粒级的团聚体中（0.25~1mm和<0.25mm）更高,而细菌/真菌比在较大粒级团聚体（>2mm和1~2mm）中更高,说明较小粒级团聚体已经成为微生物对残体进行同化固定的主要位点.植物残体在土壤中的腐解过程与残体类型、土壤团聚体组成和微生物群落密切相关.     

3种腐熟剂促进玉米秸秆快速腐解特征

为筛选出适宜东北寒冷区快速腐解秸秆的腐熟剂,通过网袋腐解试验明确施入3种秸秆腐熟剂对玉米秸秆生物量及养分释放的影响。结果显示：经过100 d的腐解,玉米秸秆生物量失重率随着时间的延长逐渐增加,玉米秸秆失重率为57.1%-64.1%,其中以施用3号秸秆腐熟剂的玉米秸秆生物量失重率最高,为64.1%。施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.1%-57.2%、44.2%-59.6%、77.4%-89.7%,其中以3号腐熟剂的秸秆磷、钾素释放率最高。各处理有机碳矿化率呈相同的趋势,均随时间的延长逐渐增加,取样末期有机碳矿化率在65.3%-69.1%之间,且各处理间差异不明显。综上,以3号秸秆腐熟剂腐解秸秆的效果最好。     

Modelling the impact of thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms and crop system on the dynamics of organic matter in a tropical soil under a climate change scenario

No consensus currently exists about how climate change should affect the status of soil organic matter (SOM) in the tropics. In this study, we analyse the impact of climate change on the underlying mechanisms controlling SOM dynamics in a ferralsol under two contrasting tropical crops: maize (C4 plant) and banana (C3 plant). We model the effect of microbial thermal adaptation on carbon (C) mineralisation at the crop system scale and introduce it in the model STICS, which was previously calibrated for the soil-crop systems tested in this study. Microbial thermal adaptation modelling is based on a reported theory for thermal acclimation of plant and soil respiration. The climate is simulated from 1950 to 2099 for the tropical humid conditions of Guadeloupe (French Antilles), using the ARPEGE model and the IPCC emission scenario A1B. The model predicts increases of 3.4 °C for air temperature and 1100 mm yr⁻¹ for rainfall as a response to an increase of 375 ppm for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the 2090-2099 decade compared with the 1950-1959 decade. The results of the STICS model indicate that the crop affects the response of SOM to climate change by controlling the change in several variables involved in C dynamics: C input, soil temperature and soil moisture. SOM content varies little until 2020, and then it decreases faster for maize than for banana. The decrease is weakened under the hypothesis of thermal adaptation, and this effect is greater for maize (−180 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ without adaptation and −140 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with adaptation) than for banana (−60 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and −40 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The greater SOM loss in maize is mainly due to the negative effect of warming on maize growth decreasing C input from residues. Climate change has a small effect on banana growth, and SOM loss is linked to its effect on C mineralisation. For both crops, annual C mineralisation increases until 2040, and then it decreases continuously. Thermal adaptation reduces the initial increase in mineralisation, but its effect is lower on the final decrease, which is mainly controlled by substrate limitation. No stabilisation in SOM status is attained at the end of the analysed period because C mineralisation is always greater than C input. Model predictions indicate that microbial thermal adaptation modifies, but does not fundamentally change the temporal pattern of SOM dynamics. The vegetation type (C3 or C4) plays a major role in SOM dynamics in this tropical soil because of the different impact of climate change on crop growth and then on C inputs.     

黑龙江省玉米低温冷害风险综合评估模型研究

论文利用黑龙江省进行农作物生育期观测的24个气象台站1961-2009年逐日平均气温资料和1980-2009年玉米生育期资料,采用"5-9月的月平均气温和的距平"与"黑龙江省玉米低温冷害综合指标体系"对黑龙江省1961年以来低温冷害危险性进行了评估;以黑龙江省75个县的玉米种植面积为指标对暴露性进行了评估;以玉米单产为基础进行了灾损敏感性评估;最终建立了黑龙江省玉米低温冷害风险综合评估模型。根据模型,把黑龙江省划分为高、次高、中等、次低、低等5个风险区,大、小兴安岭、南部山区为高或次高风险区,松嫩平原北部处于次高风险区,三江平原东部为低风险区。该风险评估模型有助于提升黑龙江省低温冷害定量评估能力,同时对其它农业气象灾害风险评估模型的建立可以起到借鉴和参考作用。     

A comparative study of modified and unmodified maize tassels for removal of selected trace metals in contaminated water

Powdered maize tassels were studied and found to exhibit metal sorption properties due to the availability of functional groups. The tassels have a high amount of soluble organic substances that can dissolve in aqueous media, contributing to secondary pollution during a water treatment process. A chelating agent was chemically attached on the maize tassels with a view to increase the sorption capacity, minimize leaching, and enhance the tassels’ stability. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that modification improved their thermal stability to withstand temperatures above 600°C as well as reduced the “secondary pollution”. The modified sorbent was employed for the sorption of lead, copper, and cadmium ions in both the model solutions and the real samples. The contact time and pH were optimized after which Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to the data. The sorption capacities for Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ improved from 3.4, 0.8, and 1.7?g?kg^?1, respectively, to 6.3, 2.6, and 2.6?g?kg^?1 in the same order. The sorbent was shown to remove up to 95% of the metals in less than 10 min. This study has a potential application for the remediation of polluted waters.     

苗期玉米、大豆在土壤-植物系统N2O排放中的贡献

为区分植物在土壤-植物系统N₂O排放中的贡献,用封闭式箱法对在温室内砂培和土培的玉米、大豆幼苗及砂、土、砂-植物系统、土壤-植物系统的N2O排放进行了测定,同时对植物N₂O排放与植物叶片中的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N含量的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在53d的观测期内,玉米、大豆幼苗本身均可排放N₂O,且在土壤(砂)-植物系统的N₂O排放中占有很大份额(79.18%～100%);植物N₂O的排放与植物叶片的硝酸还原酶活性和NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N的含量显著正相关(R²≥0.97,n=6).     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。     

mCry1Ac基因在抗虫转基因玉米Bt799中的表达特征

采用双抗夹心酶联免疫法(ELISA)定量检测转mCry1 Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt799在不同生育期不同植株部位的mCry1Ac蛋白含量。结果显示:mCry1 Ac基因在整个生育期玉米叶、茎、根和种子中均能表达,mCry1Ac蛋白含量为(0.82±0.10)~(15.83±1.77)μg·g-1;随着生育期和植株部位的不同,mCry1Ac蛋白含量呈现明显的时空动态变化,其中,叶、茎和根中mCry1Ac蛋白含量随转基因玉米生育期的推移均呈增加趋势,并均在完熟期达最高;在除苗期外的其他各生育期叶中mCry1Ac蛋白含量均显著高于其他植株部位,而在完熟期种子中mCry1Ac蛋白含量在各植株部位中最低,为(2.86±1.71)μg·g-1。