养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅲ.定量评价适应机制对玉米与大豆幼苗P吸收的作用

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型定量评价了不同土壤条件下,机理模型中未考虑的其它适应机制对玉米与大豆幼苗P吸收的作用。结果表明：同样土壤养分胁迫条件下,供试玉米与大豆幼苗的其它适应机制对P吸收的贡献率分别为1/4与1/5;土壤养分胁迫、土壤水分胁迫、土壤供N形态、土壤性质及土壤供Ca水平或pH值对这一P吸收适应机制的作用程度均有一定的影响,土壤水分胁迫能明显加强这一适应机制对玉米幼苗P吸收的作用;粘质棕红壤上养分胁迫与水分胁迫同时作用时,这一适应机制对玉米幼苗P吸收的贡献率可达69％。     

土壤镉暴露对玉米和大豆的生态毒性评估

以中国东北黑土为培养基,通过室内急性毒性实验,采用Trimmed Spearman-Karber方法计算EC50值(半抑制浓度),并分析作物的生物累积系数(BAF),定量化评估了土壤中镉对玉米和大豆的生态毒性及生物有效性.测量终点为种子发芽率、根长和幼茎长.结果表明,土壤镉暴露给农作物带来一定的负生长效应.种子发芽率不是评估土壤镉生态毒性的敏感因子,根生长是敏感的毒性测量终点.镉在植株体内的累积及迁移与作物种类和土壤镉浓度有关.玉米植株体内累积了较大量的镉,而大豆植株体内镉由根向幼茎的迁移较为显著.     

Nitrogen transformation in maize soil after application of different organic manures

IntroductionAnimalwastesareusuallyappliedtosoilasorganicmanure .Applicationoforganicmanuretoarablelandisrecommendedforrecyclingvaluablenutrientresources .However ,ifimproperlyused ,organicmanuremaybecomeasourceofenvironmentalproblems ,suchasgreenhousegasemissions ,ammoniavolatilizationandNO- 3 Nleachingintogroundwater (Williams ,1999) .Nitrateleachingfromarableland ,whichcausescontaminationofgroundwater,hasbecomeamatterofworldwideconcern .Therearemanydocumentsontheeffectsofchemicalfertilizer…     

木质素拌种对作物生长影响的初步研究

我国每年中小造纸厂作为污染物排放掉排放掉的木质素有３００万ｔ以上,不仅使大量资源成为废物,而且造成严重的环境污染,为了变废为宝,综合利用,在农业上用木质素作为拌种剂,通过砂培,土培和田间小区试验确定了木质素的使用量为种子重量的０．４％,ｐＨ为７．８左右,大田试验条件同小区试验,结果表明木质素拌种可提高小麦种子的发芽率,促进根系发展,增加有效分蘖数,能提高抗旱,抗病虫能力,增加穗粒数,提高千粒重和公     

不同量秸秆覆盖还田对土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为探明渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对春玉米田土壤活性有机碳(LOC)、 碳库管理指数(CMI)和作物产量的影响,于2007—2010年在陕西合阳县旱农试验站进行定位试验,以不覆盖为对照(CK),设置了3个水平秸秆覆盖量处理:4 500 kg/hm²(S1)、 9 000 kg/hm²(S2)和13 500 kg/hm²(S3)。结果表明,0~20 cm土层,与CK相比,S1、 S2和S3总有机碳(TOC)质量分数分别提高5.08%、 14.12%和28.03%(P<0.05);活性有机碳(LOC)分别显著提高19.20%、 44.02%和23.50%(P<0.05);碳库管理指数(CMI)分别显著提高20.94%、 46.86%和50.21%(P<0.05)。春玉米产量分别与LOC和CMI显著相关(P<0.05),而与TOC则无显著相关性。研究表明,LOC和CMI较TOC更能灵敏、 客观地反映渭北旱塬不同量秸秆覆盖还田对土壤碳库质量的影响,且秸秆覆盖量以9 000 kg/hm²为宜。     

不同玉米品种对重金属铅镉的富集和转运能力

通过土培试验研究了10个来自不同产地的玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属铅和镉的累积特性。结果表明,重金属铅(400 mg·kg-1)和镉(10 mg·kg-1)复合胁迫条件下,玉米不同生育期累积铅的能力从大到小依次为成熟期、拔节期和苗期,累积镉的能力从大到小依次为苗期、拔节期和成熟期。玉米各部位铅镉吸收量从大到小依次为根、茎、叶和籽粒。供试的10个玉米品种中籽粒铅含量均超过GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》中的规定(≤0.2 mg·kg-1),广甜3号、国审浚79-5、兴黄单892、晋单51和北科4号籽粒镉含量符合GB 2715—2005中的卫生标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1)。其中,广甜3号对镉的累积量最小,可以在中、轻度污染土壤上推广种植。     

城市生活污泥农用对作物和土壤中汞的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了连续5a施用污泥条件下汞(Hg)在小麦/玉米轮作体系中累积及转运特征.田间试验包括5个处理:施用化肥处理(S0)和4个施用污泥处理,污泥用量分别为4.5t/hm2(S1)、9t/hm2(S2)、18t/hm2(S3)和36t/hm2(S4).结果表明,随着污泥施用年限的增加土壤中Hg累积量显著增加,污泥中所含Hg的投入量与土壤中Hg的累积量之间存在显著的线性回归关系;污泥中的Hg主要累积在表层土壤(0~20cm),累积率达到90%以上;当污泥中的Hg含量低于污泥农用时污染物控制标准限值(GB18918-2002)时,在用量低于2400t/(hm2·a)条件下,连续5a施用并未对小麦和玉米地上部Hg含量产生显著影响.     

Plant Bioavailability of “natural” and “model” Humic acid‐bound [14c] Atrazine residues

The release of bound [14C] atrazine residues and their uptake by maize plants was investigated.

“Natural”; humic acids, extracted from a brown soil, and “model”; humic acids, prepared from catechol, both containing bound [14C] atrazine residues were incubated with plants in soil. After 21 days, the maize plants contained 0.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “natural”; humic acids) to 1.7% (plants grown in soil mixed with “model”; humic acids) of the radioactivity originally introduced.

The roots contained 55 to 70% of the [14C] residues whereas the remainder was present in the shoots. A significant amount of the total [14C] residues (29 to 53%) became again bound in plant tissues, whereas the, majority of extractable [14C] residues was present in the form of conjugates.

The behaviour of “model”; humic acid‐bound residues was comparable to that of “natural”; humic acid‐bound residues or soil‐bound residues.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征

黄土高原半干旱丘陵山区受特殊的地理、地形以及水文气象条件的影响,造成农业生产播种难、出苗率低等问题,严重制约着农业的发展,但通过覆膜坐水技术能够起到抗旱保墒、提高地温、改善土壤肥效等作用。以哲单7号玉米Zea maysL为供试品种,在设置对比试验小区(覆膜与不覆膜)的基础上,通过分析覆膜玉米土壤温度变异特征,描述了覆膜后增温、提墒、增产的过程,研究结果表明:覆膜处理与不覆膜处理相比,增温最明显的时期出现在出苗到拔节阶段,且10cm和20cm处的温差表现为最大,可增温2.5℃左右,而后期增温减慢,播种后覆膜增温为玉米发芽生长提供了良好的生长环境,大大提高了出苗率,为作物节水增产提供了必要条件。