玉米联合固氮耐铵工程菌Enterobacter gergoviae-7(E7)在不同载体及玉米根际的存活规律

以草炭、腐植酸和水为载体接种玉米联合固氮耐铵工程菌Enterobactergergoviae -7(以下简称E7)制备菌剂 ,在常温条件下放置 5dE7菌数在载体内明显增加 ,1mo后E7菌数略有下降 ,2mo后E7菌数急剧下降 ,半年后E7活菌数降至n(CFU) =5 .0× 10 6～ 93.0× 10 6g- 1 ,3种菌剂中菌数的变化趋势一致 ,E7菌数残留量 :草炭菌剂 >液体菌剂 >腐植酸菌剂 ;用草炭菌剂拌种在生长 2 0d的玉米根区 (包括根系和根际土壤 ) ,E7菌数达到最大值 ,以后E7菌数下降 ,至灌浆期玉米根际未能检测到E7;不同接种方法试验结果表明 ,以草炭菌剂拌种 +种下 2cm穴施使玉米获得最高增产率 .(表 3)     

连续两年紫外线-B辐射增强对玉米种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究了在紫外线 (UV -B)辐射增强条件下与自然光下生长的玉米种子的发芽和幼苗生长特性以及对UV -B反应的变化。结果表明 :与自然光下生长的玉米种子相比 ,UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米种子的发芽率和幼苗生长指标有不同程度的下降 ,但在连续两年UV -B强度增加条件下 ,其种子发芽和幼苗生长指标受高强度UV -B影响的程度显著下降。在连续两年UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米种子萌发的幼苗叶片类黄酮含量显著高于在自然光下生长的玉米种子萌发的幼苗 ,这可能是在UV -B辐射增强条件下生长的玉米对UV -B辐射增强产生适应性的重要原因之一。     

玉米-花生混作系统中的氮铁营养效应

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了不同施氮水平和种间相互作用对花生铁营养、根瘤固氮能力以及系统氮营养的影响。结果表明,在本试验种植密度下,施氮水平和种植方式对下针期单株花生生物量无显著影响。在不同施氮水平下,玉米-花生混作不仅均显著改善了花生铁营养,而且玉米对氮素的大量吸收显著降低了混作花生根际土壤硝态氮的质量分数,从而使得花生根瘤数增加,根瘤固氮酶活性增强。混作花生铁营养受混作玉米氮营养及作物发育状况的影响较大,并且下针期花生固氮酶活性受施氮抑制及花生铁营养改善的促进。这说明,根际土壤硝态氮的质量分数的降低和花生铁营养的改善是石灰性土壤上花生固氮能力增强的关键因素,而花生生物固氮作用的增强是该混作系统体现氮营养优势的主要原因。     

粒径和温度对玉米秸秆生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响

以玉米秸秆为原材料,在350℃下采用限氧裂解法制备了4种粒径的生物碳(BC-9.31、BC-20.26、BC-71.07、BC-101.90,数字代表样品的中值径,单位μm),对比研究了15℃、25℃、35℃、45℃下生物碳对锶的吸附行为,旨在阐明生物碳粒径和溶液温度对生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响。结果表明:生物碳粒径和溶液温度对等温吸附曲线的基本特征影响较小,Freundlich模型能较好地拟合吸附过程(R2=0.915~0.997,N=0.513~0.745);生物碳吸附锶是以熵驱动为主的物理吸附过程,熵变ΔS为75.66~99.43 J/(mol·K),焓变ΔH为18.18~25.84 k J/mol;生物碳对锶的吸附性能大体与溶液温度呈正相关,与颗粒粒径呈负相关,同时颗粒粒径与溶液温度存在耦合影响;生物碳粒径越小,锶吸附过程受温度影响越小;温度越高,锶吸附受粒径影响越小。     

不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯的制备及其处理含铬废水的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂制备交联淀粉,通过正交试验优化了制备工艺条件;用交联淀粉制备不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯（ISX）,通过正交试验优化了ISX制备的工艺条件。研究表明,制备的ISX对模拟含铬废水中铬（VI）的去除率最高可达99%以上。     

Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.     

东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统——在黑龙江省的应用

利用东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统预测分析了黑龙江省1971-2006年各年热量年型,计算了哈尔滨市1984-2006年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率,同时采用以5-9月平均温度和的距平作为低温冷害指标的方法计算了1971-2006年低温冷害的发生状况.结果显示,上述两种方法计算得到的低温冷害的年份与历史实况基本相符.通过对比分析发现,有81%的年份两种方法计算的结果一致,且在低温年玉米抽雄期的冷害发生概率均较大,说明东北玉米低温冷害监测预测系统在黑龙江省的应用效果较好,可为防灾减灾提供科学参考.     

不同老化时间的TiO_2纳米颗粒对玉米生长的影响

为探讨老化时间对TiO_2纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)生物有效性的影响,研究了不同老化时间的Ti O_2NPs(0~120 d)对玉米幼苗生长的影响、在玉米体内的吸收及其在植株不同部位的存在位点等。研究发现,不同浓度的TiO_2NPs(1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2 000 mg·kg~(-1))加入到土壤中,对玉米幼苗干鲜重没有明显的影响,但老化时间小于60 d时,对玉米幼苗株高有一定的抑制效应,老化60 d之后,随着老化时间的继续延长,毒性逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。老化60 d时,TiO_2NPs处理的玉米幼苗根冠增大,玉米幼苗体内产生H2O_2的累积。在Ti O_2老化土壤中生长的玉米幼苗根系和地上部均有Ti的累积,1 000 mg·kg~(-1)的TiO_2NPs在玉米幼苗根部的生物累积系数达到35.4%,在地上部为13.6%,在玉米植株体内的转运系数为0.38;通过TEM观察,TiO_2NPs可以进入到玉米幼苗体内,并存在于根细胞的细胞质和叶绿体膜上,在叶片细胞的液泡和细胞核中也发现有TiO_2NPs的存在。上述研究结果为客观评价TiO_2NPs的生态风险提供了有用信息。     

不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.