Multiresidue analysis and evaluation of the matrix effect on 20 pesticides in Brazilian maize (Zea mays L.) flour

Abstract

Maize consists of a cereal widely used in the preparation of different food products. Brazil is one of the world's largest maize producers. Several types of pesticides have been applied in maize crop, which can lead to the contamination of the derived products. The present work aims at the validation of multiresidue method to analyze the matrix effect and level of pesticides in maize flour. Twenty residues were investigated in samples commercialized in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The method was satisfactorily validated, according to parameters recommended by European Union. About 55% of the pesticides had an intense negative matrix effect. Multiresidue analyzes showed the presence of traces of fenitrotion in 20% of maize flour samples. Detected levels were below maximum residue limits recommended for maize. The results indicate that maize products need continuous monitoring to ensure food security.     

Coexistence of Plants and Coexistence of Farmers: Is an Individual Choice Possible?

The introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe has been characterized by controversy. In 2002, the European Union introduced the concept of “coexistence” as a compromise solution that, through the establishment of science-based technical measures, should allow the market to operate freely while reducing policy conflicts on GMOs. However, the concept remains highly contested and the technical measures difficult to apply. This paper presents qualitative research on the conceptualization and implementation of the coexistence framework in two regions of Spain (Catalonia and Aragon), where 42% and 55% of maize was GM in 2006, respectively. In this context, the concept of coexistence and its proposed implementation both fail to resolve previous conflicts and actually work to generate new ones through the individualization of choice and impacts. Considerations of the social conditions in which the technology and the management measures are implemented were not taken into account. This resulted in the promotion of biotechnological agriculture over other alternatives.     

Ultrastructure effects of omethoate and cypermethrin insecticides on maize seedlings

Increasing studies suggest that insecticides are one of the plant stress elements that affect plant growth and productivity by interfering with cell metabolic and biochemical activities. Here, we show that the application of commonly used pesticides omethoate and cypermethrin on maize (Zea mays L. cv. Luyu 9) seedling leaves resulted in adverse effects on leaf ultrastructure changes under laboratory conditions. Electron microscopic studies reveal that the topical application of organophosphorus insecticide omethoate causes direct injury of leaf ultrastructures including cell wall breakdown of abaxial epidermis cells, inner cells, stomata guard cells; degradation of mitochondrial membrane, and chloroplast envelope membrane; and abnormal changes of lamella arrangement of chloroplast. And the topical application of cypermethrin insecticide causes plasmolysis of cells of the adaxial epidermis, mitochondrial cristae are degraded, and loosen arranged lamella of amyloplasts. All these changes indicated that omethoate and cypermethrin are stress factors that caused adverse effects on plant ultrastructures and biochemical molecules.     

石油污染土壤对玉米生长的影响及其生态毒性研究

以胜利油田石油污染土壤为供试土壤,通过温室盆栽试验,研究了四个不同浓度石油污染处理(0％,1％,5％和10％)对玉米生长的影响,测定了土壤呼吸强度以及一系列的土壤酶指标和植物指标.结果表明:试验土属滨海盐碱土.在盐碱化和石油污染的双重胁迫下,玉米的发芽率随着土壤石油烃浓度的升高呈先减小后增大的趋势,其根长、叶片数和植物...     

长期秸秆还田对塿土耕层土壤有机碳库的影响

在关中平原塿土(土垫旱耕人为土)上施用化肥的条件下,进行不同用量玉米秸秆直接还田(低秸9 375 kg·hm^-2,中秸18 750 kg·hm^-2,高秸37 500 kg·hm^-2)、间接还田(厩肥,37 500 kg·hm^-2)的长期定位试验21 a,观测和分析了耕层土壤有机碳的储量及氧化稳定性等的变化。结果显示,与单施化肥相比,秸秆直接或间接还田均可显著提高土壤有机碳含量,耕层土壤有机碳储量分别增加了12%(低秸)、24%(中秸)、41%(高秸)和39%(厩肥)。施用秸秆和厩肥21 a,土壤有机碳累积系数平均分别为5.6%和7.2%。秸秆直接还田和厩肥均使土壤有机碳的氧化稳定性降低,胡敏酸的能态升高且保持相对稳定。以上结果表明,秸秆直接或间接还田不仅能显著提高土壤有机碳储量,也能明显改善土壤有机碳的活性和质量,是提高农田固碳能力、促进农业可持续性的重要措施。     

西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系

利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m²是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m²是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm²。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。     

Mitigation of glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings by ascorbic acid

Abstract

The toxicity of glyphosate at 3.6?mg L^?1 to maize seedlings raised from un-treated seeds and the effectiveness of seed pretreatment by soaking in 0.25?mmol L^?1 ascorbic acid (AsA) solution for mitigation of toxicity were evaluated in hydroponic culture. Glyphosate dramatically reduced the growth of roots and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves but increased protein content in the leaves. Superoxide dismutase activity and AsA concentration in the roots were increased, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity was unaffected. Pretreatment with AsA improved the dry mass of the roots and shoots, increased the protein content in roots and leaves, and significantly decreased the activity of GPOX in roots. The positive effect of AsA treatment was not associated with more efficient functioning of the antioxidative system.     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.     

二氧化硫胁迫对不同抗性玉米幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用60mg·m-3SO2气体处理玉米（Zea Mays.L）幼苗,通过组织化学染色和定量测定,分析了高抗自交系齐139和敏感自交系昌7-2在活性氧代谢上的差异。结果表明：SO2胁迫处理3h后,高抗系齐139幼苗叶片积累了较高的O2-和H2O2,12h后被迅速清除而趋于平衡;而高感系昌7-2叶片在胁迫早期产生的O2-和H2O2较少,后期有大量的O2-和H2O2积累,导致细胞损伤。抗氧化酶SOD和CAT在抗性系中显著升高,而敏感系中增幅不显著。这一研究表明不同抗性系中活性氧代谢的差异可能与其对SO2的抗性密切相关。     

东北地区春旱对春玉米幼苗长势的影响指标和模式

春旱对春玉米幼苗长势影响田间试验分3个播种期(温度处理)和4个土壤水分胁迫处理。结果表明,在东北中部玉米主产区,玉米幼苗长势好坏主要取决于水分。玉米幼苗长势(叶龄、生物量和株高)与春季土壤湿度和土壤累积有效水量的关系模式均为二次函数。干旱胁迫降低玉米苗期生叶速度和植株高度,减轻生物量,严重抑制幼苗营养生长。玉米春旱的指标是:W在18%～19%之间,或H在45～54mm之间为轻旱;17%～18%或40～45mm为中旱;17%以下或少于40mm为严重干旱。