EVALUATION OF THE ROSGEN STREAM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN CHEQUAMEGON‐NICOLET NATIONAL FOREST,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected from 121 stream reaches during 1991 to 1993 were evaluated to determine the applicability of the Rosgen Stream Classification System (RSCS) to the low relief terrain within the Chequamegon‐Nicolet National Forest (CNNF) in Wisconsin, USA. All reaches were classified to RSCS Level I and II except that 10.7 percent had sinuosities below the continuum limits and one reach had a predominantly organic substrate. Five of eight possible RSCS Level I types were observed including B, C, D, A, E, and F; 86 percent were C and E types. Seventeen of 94 possible RSCS Level II types were observed. Most reaches were slightly entrenched, had low to moderate width/depth ratios, relatively low sinuosity, low slope, and sand or gravel as the dominant channel material. Discriminant analyses were used to verify the applicability of RSCS for streams within the CNNF; discriminant functions correctly classified 92.5 and 94.7 percent of the Level I and II RSCS types, respectively. When limits for E and F types were modified slightly at Level II by adding an additional category for slopes less than 0.1 percent (a modification we recommend for low relief terrain), discriminant functions correctly classified 99.1 percent of the types. Adding another slope break at 0.3 percent produced similar results. Based on our analyses, RSCS works well within the CNNF and is probably applicable to other areas with low‐relief terrain.     

合肥城郊典型源头溪流不同渠道形态的氮磷滞留特征

为揭示源头溪流中深潭和曲折沟渠两种典型渠道形态的氮磷养分滞留特征,在合肥城郊二十埠河的某一级支流上,以NH4Cl和KH2PO4为添加营养盐,以NaCl为保守型示踪剂,开展现场示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型软件、暂态存储参数和养分螺旋原理,解析深潭和曲折沟渠氮磷滞留特征.结果表明:1深潭的As值较曲折沟渠大,但其α值则较弯曲沟渠小1个数量级,而且As和α值随水文条件变化均不显著;2深潭中主渠道流动水体的NH+4-λ较其暂态存储区的NH+4-λs高2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠的NH+4-λ与NH+4-λs数值较为接近;3深潭中NH+4-Vf较SRP-Vf高1~2个数量级,而在曲折沟渠中,不仅NH+4-Vf与SRP-Vf数值较为相近,NH+4-Sw与SRP-Sw也基本相当;4深潭的NH+4-U较SRP-U高出2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠NH+4-U则较SRP-U高出1~2个数量级;5总的来说,在对NH+4和SRP滞留影响方面,深潭和曲折沟渠存在较大的差异性,且在深潭中NH+4的滞留效应显著超过SRP.     

河流水污染定量研究进展

水质模型可定量地反映出水质状况与污染物排放之间的关系,从而为进行水质评价与预测、选择污染控制方案以及制定水质标准和排放污染规定提供可靠的依据.文章从建立模型所采用的数学方法角度出发,较为详细的概述了近年来水质模拟的研究进展,并对确定性模型所存在的问题和河流水质模型的发展趋势做出评价.     

磷在农田溪流中的动态变化

磷是水体富营养化的限制因子,河流系统是农业非点源污染物的主要运移通道,污染物在河流中的持留控制着污染物向受纳水体的输出.本次研究对象是巢湖流域一个长约1.8 km的农田源头溪流六岔河,河流由4个渠道型、1个水塘型和3个河口型断面构成,长度分别为1.3 km、0.15 km和0.36 km.在河流上设置9个监测点研究总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在六岔河中的持留空间特征,评价人为严重干扰下的农田溪流在农业非点源污染物运移中的生态功能.结果表明:总磷、磷酸盐、悬浮物在溪流中的持留和释放受溪流的渠道型、水塘型和河口型断面控制,水塘型和河口型断面是污染物持留的主要区域,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在水塘型、河口型断面内的持留量分别占溪流持留量的58%、77%和58%;污染物在降雨-径流过程中的持留是溪流持留的主要部分,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的持留分别占溪流持留量的96%、98%和93%;渠道型断面是溪流最主要的内在污染源,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的释放分别占溪流释放量的93%、99%和94%;养分和悬浮物在渠道型断面中具有不同的持留特性,而位于水塘前的渠道型断面在基流和降雨-径流过程中均能有效地持留污染物.     

岩溶地下河水化学对城镇化进程的时序响应

利用25年地下水观测与遥感解译数据研究地下河对城镇化进程的水化学时序响应,结果表明,随着城镇化的进行,地下河的矿化度逐渐上升;水化学类型时序演变从枯水期单一的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和丰水期HCO_3-Ca·Mg型向HCO_3·ClCa型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型等多类型演化,快速城镇化时期水化学类型多变.受地表降水输入影响,地下河枯水期与丰水期[Mg2+]/[Ca2+]和[HCO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)](摩尔比)变化较大,城镇化前地下河水化学受水岩相互作用、农业活动和酸雨入渗共同影响,两者均值分别为0. 86和29. 34; 2001年城镇化后农业活动和酸雨输入贡献减少,丰水期城镇化输入(居民生活和工业排污)明显增加,两者出现突变特征,分别降低至0. 38与6. 01. 1990～1995、1996～2010和2011～2015年不同时期的主要地球化学敏感阳离子分别为Ca~(2+)及Mg~(2+)、Na~+和NH_4~+,阴离子则分别为HCO_3~-、HCO_3~-及SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-.地下河对城镇化进程的水化学响应具有明显的阶段性和时序性.     

Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen and Phosphorous Dynamics in Relict Oxbow Wetlands Adjacent to an Urban Restored Stream

Although wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO₃^?) and phosphate (PO₄^3?) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m²/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m²/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO₃^?‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO₄^3? to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m²/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m²/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds.     

Agriculture,ethics, and restrictions on property rights

The argument in this essay is twofold. (1) Procedural justice requires,in particular cases, that we restrict property rights in natural resources, e.g., California agricultural land or Appalachian coal land. (2) Conditions imposed by Locke's political theory and by dense population require,in general, that we restrict property rights in finite or non-renewable natural resources such as land. If these arguments are correct, then we have a moral imperative to use land-use controls (such as taxation, planning, zoning, and acreage limitations) to restructure land ownership and land use in a far more radical way than has ever been accomplished in the past.     

大型底栖动物生物评价指数比较与应用

采用不同生物指数评价河流健康,结果往往有差异,如何识别各种生物指数的关系和适用性成为亟待解决的问题.基于太子河流域大型底栖动物群落研究,比较了5种大型底栖动物生物指数评价结果的差异.结果表明,5种指数具有极显著的相关性,但由于健康等级划分标准差异,造成不同指数的健康评价等级存在一定差异.同时分析了不同指数对不同类型人为活动影响的敏感性,研究其在河流健康评价中的适用性.结果表明在太子河流域中,BI指数与土地利用类型和溶氧具有较好的相关关系,对这两类的干扰具有较好的指示作用;FBI指数对酸污染和氨氮污染具有较强的指示作用;ASPT指数与耗氧相关的水质指标有较强的负相关;B-IBI指数与总氮呈显著的负相关关系,可较好指示氮污染,而且B-IBI指数与其他类型人为干扰活动均呈显著的相关关系,对土地利用和水质污染也具有较好的指示作用.综上所述,大型底栖动物BI指数和ASPT指数应该分别适用于评价流域土地利用和水化学指标对河流生态系统的影响,而B-IBI可用于评估多种类型人为干扰活动.     

巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空分布

基于2013年4月和10月对巢湖流域66个河道样点的调查数据,初步研究了巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空变化特征。主要研究结果显示,鱼类多样性无显著性的水系间、生态分区间的变化,但随季节和河流级别显著变化:10月份的个体数显著高于4月份,2级河流的物种数和个体数均显著大于1级、3级和4级河流。鱼类群落结构的季节动态显著,随生态分区显著变化,但不受水系、河流级别的显著影响。在二级生态分区水平上,仅西南森林生态亚区的鱼类群落结构与其他5个生态亚区的显著差异;宽鳍鱲、吻虾虎鱼等在西南森林生态亚区具有更高多度,而鲫、鰐、鲤等物种在其他生态亚区多度更高。     

温榆河氨氮污染控制措施的效果模拟

以城市退水为主要补给水源的北京市温榆河呈现以氨氮(18.68 mg·L-1)污染为主的特征.针对温榆河的水质改善需求,本研究以氨氮为目标污染物,采用QUAL2K河流水质模型和情景分析方法,对温榆河污染防治与水质改善措施的效果进行量化评估.模拟结果表明,提高污水厂的处理量和排放标准是改善温榆河水质的关键,可降低温榆河北关闸断面氨氮浓度29.66％;建设旁路离线河流净化器可削减5.57％的氨氮污染,是温榆河水质改善的有效措施.本研究提出的包括改善上游来水水质、干流截污、支流污染控制、污水厂提标改造、建设旁路离线河流净化器和生态河道等措施在内的综合实施方案,可使得温榆河的水质全程达到地表水V类标准.