生物沥浸法去除猪粪中重金属和提高其脱水性能研究

采用复合嗜酸性硫杆菌,通过摇瓶试验研究了不同Fe2+添加量下生物沥浸对含固率为3%的猪粪中重金属的去除和脱水性能的影响.同时,考察了不间处理的pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)、Fe2+、Fe3+、总Fe、Cu、Zn、比阻和毛细吸水时间(CST)的变化.结果表明,采用生物沥浸技术能有效地去除猪粪中的重金属,随着Fe2+添加量...     

嫌气条件下土壤中有机还原性物质的动态变化

利用示差脉冲伏安法研究了不同有机物料在嫌气培养条件下产生的有机还原性物质的动态变化．结果表明：在培养起始阶段，强还原性有机物质的数量迅速增加，以后逐渐下降．不同有机物料所产生的有机还原性物质的强度和数量各不相同。培养初期，有机还原性物质种类较多，长时间培养后，部分还原能力较弱的有机物质消失。长时间培养后。嫌气培养液中强还原性有机物质可能与金属离子作用，使其活性降低。     

农作物秸秆酶解与磷细菌肥的生产

以农作物秸秆为酶水解原料 ,用纤维素酶进行酶水解 ,水解液用于培养磷细菌肥生产菌 ,再用粉碎至一定粒度的作物秸秆对培养菌液进行吸附。实验结果表明 ,经酶解得到的水解液在添加一定的辅料后 ,可以作为培养磷细菌的料液。适宜条件下 ,菌量可达 5 1× 1 0 8/ml。     

可降解有机物湿解实验及产物分析

湿解是环境友好的新型有机废物处理工艺,湿解实验在反应温度450K,反应时间1h的工况下,对杂草和马粪进行湿解,并分析了两种物料的湿解产物。结果表明:杂草和马粪经湿解处理后,分别得到了18.8%和16.3%的原料转化率,有机质转化率均超过了95%,可为土壤提供丰富的有机质;两种湿解液中所含物质基本上均集中在166.7~428.9及1122~1622的两组质荷比范围内,湿解液呈弱酸性,其中奎尼酸、柠檬酸和L-苹果酸含量丰富。     

外源MnO2和儿茶酚对猪粪好氧堆肥氨挥发与氮素形态转化的影响

为探究儿茶酚与MnO₂的添加对强化堆肥腐殖化及氮素保留效果的影响,以猪粪与木屑为堆肥原材料,分别设置对照组 (CK,儿茶酚与MnO₂质量分数均为0%),实验组 (T1,儿茶酚0%与MnO₂ 1%;T2,儿茶酚3%与MnO₂ 0%;T3,儿茶酚3%与MnO₂ 1%)4个处理,借助冗余分析、UV-vis、3D-EEM光谱技术,探究不同处理对堆肥基本理化性质、氮素转化过程及氮素保留机理的影响。结果表明,1% MnO₂和3%儿茶酚的混合处理 (T3)堆肥过程中类氨基酸组分荧光强度显著增强,氨挥发受到明显抑制,堆肥结束时,混合处理氨累积挥发量为1.39 g,仅为CK的16.61%;有机氮组分中酸解氨态氮占比为17%,高于CK的14%;总凯氏氮相较于CK提升了9.00%,温度、pH值、EC值和GI值等基础指标均满足安全利用标准。三维荧光平行因子分析表明MnO₂和儿茶酚的混合添加可有效削减堆肥初期含氮有机质的矿化分解,从而明显降低堆体升温阶段和高温阶段的氨挥发总量,实现氮素的保留。     

纤维素乙醇糟液对稻秸猪粪厌氧发酵的促进机制

纤维乙醇生产会伴随产出大量酸性糟液。利用厌氧技术处理糟液存在C/N低、pH值低等难题,采用糟液与秸秆、猪粪混合后厌氧发酵是一种有效的糟液处理途径。秸秆添加糟液后,TS比例为3%,6%和9%时各组产气量分别为627.8、585.6和443.9 mL·g-1 TS,大幅度高于不添加糟液的秸秆对照组产气量292.5 mL·g-1 TS,且嗜氢产甲烷途径增强,甲烷体积分数从低于60%增至70%以上。猪粪添加糟液在较低TS浓度3%时产气量最高676.7 mL·g-1 TS,秸秆和猪粪按TS 1：1的比例混合时添加糟液的产气效果最佳。秸秆添加糟液的最大VFAs比秸秆对照高2.8~4.7倍,产气延迟增加,从混合型发酵变为典型的丁酸型发酵;猪粪添加糟液后VFAs浓度相对较低,产气启动快,从混合型发酵转变为典型的丙酸型发酵,说明糟液在不同碳源条件下,有着不同的代谢促进途径。糟液与农业废弃物混合厌氧发酵,是一种高效的共发酵体系。糟液在刺激促进秸秆、猪粪产气提升和解除抑制风险的同时,自身也得到高效降解利用。     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中的有效性动态变化和形态归趋

通过温室土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中有效性动态变化过程和形态归趋,为科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入稻田后的生态风险提供理论依据.试验结果表明,施用畜禽粪便有机肥12个月后,水稻土p H提高了0.4~0.9.施用鸡粪降低了水稻土中有效态Cu含量,而猪粪的施用增加了水稻土中有效态Cu含量.水稻土中有效态Zn含量随畜禽粪便有机肥施用量的增加而增加.与重金属无机盐相比,鸡粪处理中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐处理,猪粪处理中Cu、Zn和鸡粪处理中Zn的有效性与等量无机盐处理相同.形态归趋过程研究结果表明,畜禽粪便有机肥带入到水稻土中Cu、Zn的量较低时,Cu在有机质结合态中有显著的积累,Zn则在碳酸盐结合态中有显著的积累;带入的Cu、Zn的量较高时,Cu、Zn在各个形态中均有积累;无机盐带入水稻土的Cu、Zn在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态中均有积累.畜禽粪便有机肥带入的Cu、Zn积累在有机结合态中的量与等量无机盐处理无显著差异.培养12个月时,有机肥处理的交换态Cu含量均显著高于等量无机盐处理,表明畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu的潜在有效性更高.     

Herbicides interactions with cow manure and field soil organic matter

The direct interaction of the herbicide metazachlor ‐chosen as an example‐ with the soil organic matter has been studied by laboratory incubation of old and young cow manures containing metazachlor. The extraction efficiencies of solvents of increasing polarities indicated the formation of association compounds by bonds weaker than covalent between metazachlor and the organic matter: electron donor‐acceptor complexes, hydrogen bonding complexes, and complexes by both bonding types. Laboratory incubation of metazachlor in soil of low organic matter content indicated that the soil mineral part only had a diluting effect on the soil organic matter capacity to adsorb metazachlor. Similar association compounds were observed in the soil of a cauliflower field crop. Their concentrations were greater in the plots treated with organic fertilizers than in the organic fertilizers untreated plots. The free‐ unbound metazachlor was faster metabolized than the one bound to the soil organic matter, explaining why the organic fertilizer treatments slow down the herbicide soil biodegradation during the main first crop period. Inclusion of metazachlor in the field soil humic acids lattice ‐another kind of herbicide association compound with the soil organic matter‐ occurred at crop end when most of the metazachlor was metabolized; the soil concentrations of this kind of association compound thus was low, so that the release after crop of metazachlor in the environment has no practical significance.     

我国养猪业废弃物中四环素类、磺胺类抗生素及相关抗性基因污染研究进展

我国是世界养猪第一大国,生猪饲养量和猪肉产量均位居世界第一。养猪业每年所产生的粪便、废水中含有大量畜用抗生素及其代谢产物,使养猪业废弃物成为环境中重要的抗生素污染源之一,随之产生的抗性基因污染及传播问题也不容忽视。本文结合近年来国内外的研究数据,对我国养猪业废弃物中四环素类、磺胺类抗生素及其相关抗性基因的检测方法、污染状况及影响抗性基因传播的因素进行了分析,并基于控制我国养猪行业抗生素及抗性基因污染的目的,提出了今后的研究重点。     

Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.