猪粪堆肥过程保氮固磷及温室气体（N2O）减排研究

针对畜禽粪便堆肥过程存在的氮素流失与温室气体（N2O）排放及畜禽粪便堆肥产品土地利用过程的磷素流失等不足,采用强制通风反应器堆肥系统进行小试规模的猪粪堆肥试验,以改性赤泥和改性镁橄榄石为添加剂,考察和比较了这2种改性金属盐添加剂在猪粪堆肥过程对氮磷保存与温室气体（N2O）减排的效果.结果表明,添加改性镁橄榄石（pH=7...     

Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant systems is a major concern of where, the groundwater is being contaminated with arsenic (above 0.01 mg/L) in the Indian subcontinent. The study was conducted with organic matter to find out the reducing e ect on arsenic load to rice (cv. Khitish). It was observed that intermittent ponding reduced arsenic uptake (23.33% in root, 13.84% in shoot and 19.84% in leaf) at panicle initiation stage, instead of continuous ponding. A decreasing trend of arsenic accumulation (root > straw > husk > whole grain > milled grain) was observed in di erent plant parts at harvest. Combined applications of lathyrus + vermicompost + poultry manure reduced arsenic transport in plant parts (root, straw, husk, whole grains and milled grain) which was significantly at par (p > 0.05) with chopped rice straw (5 tons/ha ) + lathyrus green manuring (5 tons/ha) in comparison to control and corresponding soils. A significant negative correlation of arsenic with phosphorus (grain P with arsenic in di erent parts R2= 0.627–0.726 at p > 0.01) was observed. Similarly, soil arsenic had a negative correlation with soil available phosphorus (R2 = 0.822 at p > 0.001) followed by soil nitrogen (R2= 0.762 at p > 0.01) and soil potassium (R2 = 0.626 at p > 0.01). Hence, e ective management of contaminated irrigation water along with organic matter could reduce the arsenic build up to plants and soil.     

高含氮养殖污水厌氧-好氧组合处理实验研究

采用批次厌氧消化和实验模拟SBR法处理低浓度蛋鸡粪污水,侧重研究厌氧消化时间对好氧后处理效果的影响,同时讨论了对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP去除原因.厌氧消化的时问分别为3d,6d,9d,12 d,15d,18 d,好氧后处理的工艺周期为12 h.好氧阶段持续时间为30 d.结果表明,鸡粪等高含氮养殖污水能够采用厌...     

添加钾矿粉对鸡粪堆肥中N、P和K含量的影响

研究了低品位含钾矿粉(PBMB)和其它添加剂对鸡粪堆肥除臭保氮和P、K含量的影响。在固定鸡粪和锯木质量比的堆肥中分别投加0%、10%、20%、30%、40%PBMP,接种0.2%EM菌堆肥发酵35d,连续测量各堆肥温度、pH值、NH3释放量和有效钾含量,得出钾矿粉最适投加量为20%～30%。在此基础上,在固定鸡粪、锯木和过磷酸钙质量比的堆肥中分别加入20%或30%钾矿粉、山土、粉煤灰和石英,接种0.2%EM菌剂堆肥发酵35d,测量各堆肥养分含量。结果表明,钾矿粉、过磷酸钙和锯木组合添加剂在调节堆肥温度,缩短堆肥腐熟时间,减少堆肥NH3释放量,提高堆肥中全氮、速效钾和速效磷含量方面效果最为显著,在35d后,其NH3平均减少率达到71.26%,全氮和速效钾与对照相比分别提高了15.78%和75.96%,而速效磷含量与堆制前相比提高16.78%。结果说明可以通过采用添加钾矿粉的方法来降低鸡粪发酵中的氮素损失和提高速效钾含量。     

锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中氧化还原类酶活性的影响

以猪粪和秸秆为主要试验材料,添加不同浓度重金属Zn,采取发酵罐处理方法,在好氧高温条件下,研究了重金属锌污染对猪粪堆肥过程中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶活性的影响,以及对堆腐过程堆体温度、堆料pH值、胡敏酸E4/E6值的影响.结果表明:①CK以及低量重金属Zn污染的堆料升温快,高温期持续时间长,达到无害化处理.②Zn含量为600mg·kg-1和900mg·kg-1的堆料E4/E6平均值小,有利于腐殖质的缩合和芳构化.③Zn含量为600mg·kg-1的堆料多酚氧化酶平均活性、脱氢酶平均活性最高,有助于堆料中木质素的降解及其产物的转化、微生物生长繁殖.④Zn含量为300mg·kg-1、600mg·kg-1、900mg·kg-1的堆料对pH有较强的控制能力,其脱氢酶活性均表现出一定的不稳定性,可能是重金属对脱氢酶活性有抑制作用的同时发生"抗性酶活性现象".     

添加钝化剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中理化特性的影响

以猪粪和玉米秸秆粉为堆肥原料,通过添加不同用量的重金属钝化剂(粉煤灰、风化煤或膨润土)进行90d的好氧堆肥,研究钝化剂的种类和添加比例对堆肥理化特性的影响.结果表明:所有处理的堆体温度均能迅速升至近70℃,并维持在55℃以上超过一周;随着堆肥时间的延长,各处理堆体含水量逐渐降低,并在90d后达到30%左右,但添加膨润土能减少一次发酵期水分的损失;添加风化煤会导致堆体pH呈现较强的碱性,而添加膨润土会显著提高堆体EC值;随着堆制时间的延长,堆体Cu、Zn全量逐渐增加,但DTPA提取态Cu、Zn所占的比例则逐渐减小;对照处理和添加风化煤的各处理中,雪里蕻种子的发芽率最终均达到90%以上,GI约1.0左右;而在添加膨润土和粉煤灰的各处理中,到90d堆肥结束,发芽率最高仅达80%,仅有2.5%和5.0%添加比例(质量分数,下同)的处理中GI大于0.5,且GI的增加趋势随着膨润土和粉煤灰的添加比例增加而降低.研究表明,钝化剂的添加比例和种类对猪粪好氧堆肥中堆体温度和含水率变化无显著影响;虽然堆肥过程添加重金属钝化对堆肥重金属Cu、Zn有良好的钝化作用,但对堆体的pH和EC影响较为剧烈,对雪里蕻种子的根系生长也有一定的影响.在堆肥中应合理选择钝化剂的种类和添加比例.     

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

鸡粪/木屑强制通风堆肥的研究

在鸡粪与木屑的体积配比为3:2的情况下,采用强制通风堆肥工艺考察了堆肥产品的物理化学特征和生物学特征的变化。研究结果表明,堆肥的第2天就达到高温阶段(≥55℃)并能保持5d以上,局部温度达71℃,大肠杆菌由最初时的2.8×1010CFU/g降到试验结束时的1.8×102CFU/g。堆体温度的变化引起了细菌、真菌和放线菌数量发生变化。堆肥过程中有机质、C/N比、含水率、NH4+-N明显下降,而NO3——N的含量成上升趋势。pH在第1周内升高8.45,随后逐渐降低到7.22。在第43天堆肥产品的水芹种子发芽指数达到了92.2%,堆肥产品已经达到腐熟。     

利用养殖场废水厌氧发酵生物制氢技术研究

在批式厌氧反应器中,以厌氧消化污泥作为天然产氢菌源,通过养殖场废水的厌氧发酵生产氢气,考察了厌氧污泥和碳氮营养物质对养殖场废水产氢的影响,并对液相产物的分布、产氢动力学进行了分析.试验分为4个处理.结果表明,加入营养物质接种污泥的养殖场废水氢气含量、累积产氢量和单位COD氢气产量最高可达到50.65%、334.80mL和287.10mL/g.而未接种污泥的原始养殖场废水累积产氢量和单位COD氢气产量仅为59.24mL和67.05mL/g.污泥和碳氮营养物质对产氢能力均有显著地促进作用,加入碳氮源后微生物群促进了原养殖废水有机物的氢的形成.液相末端产物中,乙酸、丁酸占总挥发酸的61%～86%,产氢过程属于典型的乙酸-丁酸型发酵.总挥发性酸含量的提高,其产氢能力也增大. Gompertz模型能够很好地拟合其产氢过程.     

从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白

本文分析了从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白的工艺条件。结果表明：以０７％ＮａＯＨ作提取剂,料比１∶７,于６０℃搅拌提取６ｈ,叶蛋白的提取率为８４１２％;再用（１＋１）ＨＣｌ调ｐＨ值为３５,即得叶蛋白沉淀。按上述工艺条件,叶蛋白得率（以蚕沙干物计）为１００９％,蛋白质含量为７６６８％,提高了蚕沙的综合利用价值