污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

兽药金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附特征研究

通过振荡平衡吸附试验,研究了兽药金霉素在鸡粪和猪粪上的吸持特征并对其吸附机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,金霉素能被畜禽粪便强烈吸附,吸附过程属于快速吸附,吸附等温线呈非线性,能用Freundlich模型很好地描述;雨水很难解吸被粪便吸附的金霉素,存在解吸迟滞现象,用甲醇、3 mol/L NaCl和3 mol/L MgCl2 3种溶液仅分别解吸出了18.3%～20.4%、18.7%～19.4%和55.7%～57.6%被粪便吸附的金霉素.金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附受pH和离子强度影响,随pH值和离子强度增大吸附量减少,二价钙离子体系比一价钠离子体系对吸附的影响大.表明有机质吸附和阳离子交换可能是金霉素在畜禽粪便上主要的吸附机制.     

Residual veterinary antibiotics in swine manure from concentrated animal feeding operations in Shandong Province, China

The scientific interest in the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in animal husbandry has increased during the past decades because of the emergence and development of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria. This study developed a method for simultaneous detection of five sulfonamides, three tetracyclines and one macrolide in swine manure with stable recoveries (73.0-110.6%) and high sensitivity (limit of quantification <90 μg kg⁻¹). Thereafter, a total of 126 swine manure samples, collected from 21 concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in Shandong Province of China during summer and winter, were analyzed. The potential influences of different sampling seasons, swine types and food sources on residual antibiotic concentrations were examined in detail. The maximum concentration of residual antibiotic could reach up to 764.4 mg kg⁻¹ (chlortetracycline), and the detection frequencies were 84.9-96.8% for tetracyclines, 0.8-51.6% for sulfonamides and 4.8% for macrolide. These data reveal that antibiotics were extensively used in CAFOs in this district and the manure may act as a non-specific source of antibiotic residue in farmlands and aquatic environments.     

Dynamic chemical characteristics of soil solution after pig manure application: A column study

When manures from intensive livestock operations are applied to agricultural or vegetable fields at a high rate, large amounts of salts and metals will be introduced into soils. Using a column leaching experiment, this study assessed the leaching potential of the downward movement of Cu and Zn as well as some salt ions after an intensive farm pig manure at rates of 0%, 5% and 10% (w/w) were applied to the top 20 cm of two different textured soils (G soil -sandy loam soil; H soil-silty clay loam soil), and investigated the growth of amaranth and Cu and Zn transfer from soil to amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Soil solutions were obtained at 20, 40 and 60 cm depth of the packed column and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved organic matter (DOC) and Cu and Zn concentrations. The results indicated that application of pig manure containing Cu and Zn to sandy loam soil might cause higher leaching and uptake risk than silty clay loam soil, especially at high application rates. And manure amendment at 5% and 10% significantly decreased the biomass of amaranth, in which the salt impact rather than Cu and Zn toxicity from manures played more important role in amaranth growth. Thus the farmer should avoid application the high rate of pig manure containing metal and salt to soil at a time, especially in sandy soil.     

Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly serious in China since the 1990s. The increases of agricultural NPS pollution in China is evaluated for the period 2000-2008 by surveying the literature on water and soil pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and assessing the surplus nitrogen balance within provinces. The main causes for NPS pollution were excessive inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides, which were partly the result of the inadequate agricultural extension services and the rapid expansion of intensive livestock production with little of waste management. The annual application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in China increased by 50.7 and 119.7%, respectively, during 1991-2008. The mitigation measures to reduce NPS pollution include: correct distortion in fertilizer prices; improve incentives for the recycling of organic manure; provide farmers with better information on the sound use of agro-chemicals; and tighten the regulations and national standards on organic waste disposal and pesticides use.     

生物沥浸法去除畜禽粪便中重金属的影响因素研究

研究了粪液固体浓度和硫细菌混合菌液接种量对猪粪中重金属生物沥浸的影响。结果表明,猪粪固体浓度越低,重金属沥浸周期越短,沥浸效果越好。从沥浸效果和经济效益2方面综合考虑,固体质量浓度采用70~100 g.L-1较为合适。接种量也是影响生物沥浸的重要因素,试验结果表明,接种量越大,生物沥浸速度越快,但接种量小的粪样只需适当延长沥浸时间即可达到较高的重金属去除效果,2%接种量的猪粪沥浸14 d时,Cu、Zn和Cd沥出率可分别达到76.9%、75.2%和47.8%。从经济角度考虑,接种量采用2%即可满足生物沥浸的需要。     

畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响

采集不同类型的畜禽有机肥及施用后的土壤,测定其重金属浓度,同时利用超声波提取-SPE—LC／MS／MS方法分析土壤中14种抗生素的污染特征,研究长期施用畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响。结果表明,猪粪、羊粪、鸡粪3种畜禽有机肥中最易造成土壤污染的是猪粪,Cu、Zn和Cd含量分别为197．0、947．0和1．35mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,施用有机肥均使重金属在土壤剖面呈现表聚现象,以设施菜地最为突出,Zn和Cd积累明显,0—20cm土层含量分别为203和0．48mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,14种抗生素的含量与组成在土壤剖面上存在明显分异,随土层深度增加含量迅速下降,但在〉80～100cm土层仍有检出;设施菜地表层土壤抗生素含量为39．5μg·kg-1,积累和残留明显高于林地和果园,特别是四环素类和氟喹诺酮类,含量分别为34．3和4．75μg·kg-1。可见,农田土壤长期大量施用畜禽有机肥可引起重金属和抗生素的复合污染,具潜在生态风险。     

配施猪粪对麦季CH4和N2O排放及温室效应的影响

采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究配施猪粪条件下麦季CH4和N2O的排放特征,并运用全球增温潜势(PGW)对麦田CH4和N2O排放的温室效应进行估算。结果表明,常规施肥、秸秆还田、50%猪粪和100%猪粪替代化肥处理CH4平均排放通量分别为6.10、10.26、5.32和2.35μg.m-2.h-1,N2O平均排放通量分别为24.25、38.24、12.21和16.06μg.m-2.h-1。CH4排放通量在拔节后随温度升高而增加,N2O排放主要发生在苗期灌溉或降水后。与常规施肥相比,100%猪粪和50%猪粪替代化肥处理麦季CH4和N2O排放产生的总PGW分别降低34.3%和48.9%,单位产量的PGW分别降低26.0%和48.9%,秸秆还田措施的PGW及单位产量的PGW分别提高57.9%和52.0%。然而,与常规施肥与秸秆还田处理相比,100%猪粪处理的小麦产量显著降低(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,在作物高产、稳产要求下,50%猪粪替代化肥措施的减排效果较好。     

添加四环素和重金属锌对牛粪厌氧消化性能及四环素类抗性基因丰度的影响

为探究奶牛粪便中抗生素和重金属残留对厌氧消化和抗生素抗性基因的影响,本研究通过添加四环素(TC)、金属锌(Zn)与共同添加TC和Zn,分析了厌氧消化性能及四环素类抗性基因(tetC、tetG、tetO、tetT、tetW和tetX)和Ⅰ类整合酶基因(intI1)的变化.结果表明,添加TC或Zn会抑制厌氧消化产气,二者共...     

纳米膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥进程及恶臭气体排放的影响

好氧堆肥是处理畜禽粪便的重要途径,但传统堆肥存在效率低和恶臭气体污染严重等问题.为了加快畜禽粪便堆肥进程,减少恶臭气体排放,探究了覆盖纳米膜对提升畜禽粪便堆肥效率的作用机制.设置槽式好氧堆肥发酵实验,通过堆肥过程中堆体物料的理化性质,酶活性和排放的恶臭气体来评估纳米膜对畜禽粪便堆肥效果的影响.结果表明,覆盖纳米膜能够加快升温,降低堆体物料的p H、有机质(OM)和氨氮(NH₄⁺-N),提高电导率(EC),增强脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和过氧化物酶的活性,并且NH₃、H₂S和TVOC的总累积排放量分别减少了58%、100%和61%.相关性分析显示,大多数酶活性易受温度(T)、EC、OM和C/N的影响.在一定范围内,NH3的排放速率与T呈极显著正相关,与p H呈极显著负相关,TVOC的排放速率与多种理化性质显著相关.覆盖纳米膜能够加快堆体腐熟,减少恶臭气体的排放,是一种无害化、低排放的技术手段,能够有效解决畜禽粪便堆肥发酵带来的污染物排放难题,促进养殖业的绿色可持续发展,为推动生物质废弃物的资源化...