利用新型高温好氧堆肥器提高鸡粪谷壳有机肥肥效

针对传统堆肥器存在堆肥时间长、环境污染严重等问题,开发快速、无臭、环保型堆肥器对促进粪污肥料化具有重要意义.研发的新型高温好氧堆肥器主要包括4个部分:控制面板、发酵罐(50 L有效容积)、空压机通风系统(0.15 m3·s-1排气量和40 L气容量)、氨气吸收系统(188 L容积及内部成阶梯环形吸收模式).利用新型高温...     

蛋鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量相关关系研究

为了寻找快速、简便、精确地测量液体蛋鸡粪便中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机物(OM)、铵态氮(AN)和总钾(TK)含量的方法,研究了采样前将样品搅拌或静置对所取样品代表性的影响,并用75份生长期为4～6月龄蛋鸡的液体粪便样本建立了密度(SG)与TN、TP、OM,电导率(EC)与AN和TK的一元线性回归模型以及SG、EC、pH与TN、TP、OM、AN和TK的多元线性回归模型.结果表明,对于TN、TP、OM、AN,采样前将样品充分搅拌是获得代表性样本的前提条件,而搅拌与否并不影响TK代表性样本的获得.SG与TN、TP、OM,EC与AN和TK均存在显著的线性相关性(P＜0.001),模型的决定系数(R2)均较高,分别为0.94,0.94,0.95,0.94和0.94,多元线性模型的决定系数高于一元线性模型的决定系数.用另外15份样本对5个一元线性回归模型进行验证,并对模型系数b和常数项a进行t检验,得出在显著水平α=0.05上,假设Ha0:(a)=0和Hb0:(b)=1全部接受.由此认为,SG与TN、TP和OM,EC与AN和TK所建立的一元线性回归模型均具有较好的预测效果.     

鸡粪高效降解菌群对堆肥的影响

为明确自行筛选开发的高效降解菌对鸡粪发酵的影响,分析研究了其堆肥的主要腐熟指标。结果表明,加入高效降解菌剂的堆肥处理方法温度相对较高,脱水快,pH值适宜,C／N调整较好,种子发芽指数高,堆肥后营养养分含量高,且大肠菌群数量少,堆肥效果较好。     

抗生素杆菌肽锌对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响

以上海某养鸡场产生的粪便为研究对象,探讨抗生素杆菌肽锌(ZnBc)对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响。结果表明:(1)相比于发酵前的pH,发酵后的pH变化幅度不大,在6.65～7.40变化。(2)氨氮和ZnBc浓度对数(lgc)呈负线性相关,经拟合方程测算出ZnBc对氨氮的半抑制常数(IC50)为15.23mg/L。当ZnBc>5 105mg/L时,氨氮的产生完全受抑制。添加ZnBc对发酵液氨氮的影响极显著。(3)溶解磷(SP)和lgc满足Boltzman方程。添加ZnBc对发酵液SP的影响极显著。(4)ZnBc不仅影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度,还影响VFAs组分。(5)添加ZnBc对发酵液总有机碳(TOC)有极显著影响。(6)相比原鸡粪,发酵后固体有机N、C、H均下降,并分别在ZnBc为0.10、0.01、0.01mg/L时达到最低值,说明鸡粪在厌氧水解酸化过程中固体有机组分向液体转移。     

Effect of the Carbohydrate Composition of feed Concentratates on Methane Emission from dairy Cows and Their Slurry

Dietary carbohydrate effects on methane emission from cows and their slurry were measured on an individual animal basis. Twelve dairy cows were fed three of six diets each (n = 6 per diet) of a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 1:1 (dry matter basis), and designed to cover the cows’ requirements. The forages consisted of maize and grass silage, and hay. Variations were exclusively accomplished in the concentrates which were either rich in lignified or non-lignified fiber, pectin, fructan, sugar or starch. To measure methane emission, cows were placed into open-circuit respiration chambers and slurry was stored for 14 weeks in 60-L barrels with slurry being intermittently connected to this system. The enteric and slurry organic matter digestibility and degradation was highest when offering Jerusalem artichoke tubers rich in fructan, while acid-detergent fiber digestibility and degradation were highest in cows and slurries with the soybean hulls diet rich in non-lignified fiber. Multiple regression analysis, based on nutrients either offered or digested, suggested that, when carbohydrate variation is done in concentrate, sugar enhances enteric methanogenesis. The methane emission from the slurry accounted for 16.0 to 21.9% of total system methane emission. Despite a high individual variation, the methane emission from the slurry showed a trend toward lower values, when the dietwas characterized by lignified fiber, a diet where enteric methane release also had been lowest. The study disproved the assumption that a lower enteric methanogenesis, associated with a higher excretion of fiber, will inevitably lead to compensatory increases in methane emission during slurry storage.     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

矿物质组分对低品质生物质热解过程的影响

通过酸洗脱除低品质生物质（鸡粪与猪粪）中的矿物质组分,并使用热重分析仪对酸洗前后样品的热解行为进行了研究.结果表明,由于两种农林废物的有机组成和矿物质含量不同,导致其热解行为差异较大.鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO3,其在高温下分解放出CO2,并与鸡粪半焦中的碳发生气化反应.酸洗不但改变了禽畜粪便中矿物质的含量,而且改变了该...     

生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程碳素转化与损失的影响

堆肥是最合适的处理农业废弃物的技术之一,但在堆肥过程中,碳素的损失及温室气体的大量排放引起越来越多的关注.因此,如何减少堆肥过程中碳素损失成为堆肥面临的重要问题.本研究以猪粪等为原料,利用强制通风反应箱研究了生物炭添加对堆肥过程中碳素转化及碳素损失的影响.结果表明,在堆肥过程中总有机碳呈下降趋势,添加生物炭处理的总有机碳含量提高了6.69%~20.60%;可溶性有机碳的变化规律与总有机碳相似.腐殖质碳含量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,添加生物炭处理的腐殖质碳含量下降了0.39%~14.97%;腐殖化系数(胡敏酸/富里酸)与生物炭添加量成正比,说明生物炭添加有利于堆肥的腐熟.至堆肥结束,堆料干物质失重率为23.51%~30.91%,碳素损失率为20.71%~28.85%,添加3%生物炭的处理干物质失重率与碳损失率均最高,添加9%生物炭处理均最低.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化

通过土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化过程,为合理确定由畜禽粪便有机肥带入农田土壤的重金属负荷,科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的生态风险提供理论依据.结果表明,土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥后,酸性土壤p H值升高,而石灰性土壤p H值降低.施用鸡粪后6个月内,有效态Cu含量在2种土壤中显著低于等量Cu无机盐处理,而有效态Zn含量则与等量Zn无机盐处理无显著差异;施用猪粪后6个月内,有效态Cu和Zn含量在2种土壤中均与等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理无显著差异.形态归趋研究表明,通过畜禽粪便有机肥进入土壤中的Cu和Zn在土壤中主要以交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态以及有机结合态的形式存在,且畜禽粪便有机肥的来源不同,各形态Cu和Zn在不同土壤中所占比例不同.土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥6个月时,Cu和Zn交换态以及铁锰氧化物结合态所占比例低于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,而有机结合态所占比例高于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,其它形态与无机盐处理无显著差异.     

Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1 (V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks. CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both LiP and MnP activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16S rDNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.