有机物料与~(32)P标记过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响

本试验利用~(32)P示踪法研究赤红壤上两种有机物料与过磷酸钙混合施用对磷有效性的影响。盆栽试验表明,纸厂废料蔗渣或猪粪与磷肥混合施用比磷肥单独施用更有利于提高格拉姆柱花草的含磷量和总吸磷量。单位施磷量引起的土壤有效磷和植株吸磷量的增加量也是有机物料单施或与磷肥混施高于磷肥单施。在前39d,~(32)P标记过磷酸钙的利用率在单独施用时为2.14％,比混合施用高一倍左右;在80d时,混合施用的磷利用率较快提高,蔗渣与磷肥混施处理超过单独施用,达22.88％。     

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL MANURE DISTRIBUTION IN MICHIGAN FOR NUTRIENT UTILIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Proper management of animal manure is crucial to the viability of the U.S. animal industry and the quality of the environment. This paper analyzes the animal manure distribution in Michigan, identifies counties with high potential for land application of manure nutrients, and proposes a manure distribution prototype model for transporting surplus manure beyond individual farms for nutrient utilization. Tabulations of animal numbers by county and by 5-digit zip code are used to identify areas with greater potential for land application of manure nutrients. Distribution of the manure nutrients from surplus areas to the nutrient utilization areas is explored in a selected watershed by taking into account manure nutrient value, soil nutrient content, crop nutrient needs, topography and hydrography. The results indicate that by appropriate planning and collaboration transport of the excessive animal manure to suitable crop fields is an appealing alternative to utilize the manure nutrients while minimizing the adverse environmental impact. Further studies are needed to determine the necessary economic and institutional programs to implement the export of the manure at the regional level.     

中温两相UBF反应器处理养鸡场离心废水的试验分析

在中温 35℃采用两相 UBF反应器处理养鸡场离心废水 ,结果表明 :进水 CODcr为 190 0 0 mg/ L,系统容积负荷 2 1.5 4kg CODcr/ m3· d,水力停留时间 2 1.17hr,CODcr去除率为 81.98% ,BOD5 去除率为 90 .45 % ,产气率为 0 .44 6 m3/kg CODcr     

添加猪粪对不同施肥历史土壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨粪肥携带的微生物对土壤微生物的影响，以长期施用粪肥和化肥的土壤为研究对象，耦合传统微生物学培养方法和现代分子微生物学方法，分析了猪粪和灭菌猪粪对2种土壤的细菌数量、群落结构和热代谢活性的影响.结果表明，以9.0t/hm²的用量施入时，猪粪和灭菌猪粪对两种土壤中的可培养细菌数量以及细菌16S-rRNA拷贝数均无明显影响；土壤中的土著微生物对猪粪携带的外源细菌在土壤中定殖具有明显的抑制作用，将2种土壤灭菌后添加猪粪，可培养细菌平均数量较未灭菌土壤分别增加45.96和96.21倍.粪肥输入的化学物质未导致土壤细菌群落结构和相对丰度发生明显变化；而粪肥输入的外源细菌Marinilabiaceae、Porphyromonadaceae、Bacteroidale和Pseudomonadaceae则可以在长期施用化肥的土壤中定殖并对相应的细菌丰度造成影响，但是在长期施用粪肥的土壤中，这些细菌在最开始就被抑制.添加粪肥提高了长期施用化肥土壤的微生物热代谢活性，但对长期施用粪肥的土壤无明显影响.长期施用化肥的土壤受粪源细菌的影响较大，而长期施用粪肥的土壤对粪肥的敏感度降低，对粪肥携带的外源细菌的抑制作用增强.     

进料浓度对鸡粪长期高温甲烷发酵的影响

通过固定水力停留时间（HRT）为20d,逐步提高进料总固体（TS）浓度为5.0%,7.5%和10.0%的方式提高有机负荷（OLR）,在高温（55±1）℃条件下开展鸡粪长期甲烷发酵实验并测定了各阶段污泥的比产甲烷活性（SMA）,探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪高温甲烷发酵的影响.结果显示,当进料TS由5.0%增至10.0%,出料氨氮浓度由（2.5±0.3）g/L增至（6.1±0.2）g/L,挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）由（0.4±0.1）g/L增至（26.1±1.5）g/L,pH值由（8.3±0.2）降至（6.9±0.1）,产气率由（267.2±12.5）mL/g TS_in降至49.8±8.2mL/g TS_in,甲烷浓度由（67.2±1.3）%降至（36.0±1.7）%.长时间采用TS 10.0%的进料浓度,发酵系统中氨氮浓度最高达到7.5g/L,VFAs浓度达到27.0g/L,产气下降明显.氨氮抑制鸡粪高温甲烷发酵产气的初始浓度为2.5~3.0g/L.进料TS大于7.5%,鸡粪高温甲烷发酵会受到氨氮抑制.氨氮浓度的升高导致高温发酵体系利用乙酸产甲烷的能力降低,氨氮浓度达到5.5g/L,SMA降低60.0%;氨氮浓度达到7.0g/L,污泥利用乙酸产甲烷的活动几乎停止.     

不同微生物菌剂对畜禽粪便堆肥效果的温度指标研究

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志,它直接影响堆肥反应速率,是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。通过在畜禽粪便（鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪）中加入辅料和不同微生物菌剂,进行好氧堆肥并测定堆料温度,根据温度结果明确不同微生物菌剂对不同粪便的堆肥效果。     

猪粪污厌氧发酵沼液SS、COD的混凝预处理效果研究

通过混凝沉淀试验,运用无机、有机高分子混凝剂对猪粪污厌氧发酵沼液进行预处理,考察其悬浮物(SS)和COD的去除效果,探索混凝沉淀工艺对降低该类沼液后续处理难度的可行性。研究表明,投加2.6 g/L混凝剂N可去除沼液SS为44.9%~67.6%,同时添加5.0 mg/L阳离子型助凝剂,SS去除率最高,并同时可去除COD为33.3%,添加阳离子型助凝剂对SS和COD的去除均具有较好的促进作用,混凝沉淀处理后沼液SS与COD呈极显著正相关,说明可通过对SS进行优化去除的方式进一步协同削减沼液COD。     

膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.     

RUNOFF OF METALS FROM ALUM-TREATED HORSE MANURE AND MUNICIPAL SLUDGE1

ABSTRACT: Land application of organic soil amendments can increase runoff concentrations of metals such as Fe and Zn, metalbids such as B and As, and non-metals such as P and S that have the potential for causing adverse environmental impacts. Aluminum sulfate, or alum (Al₂(SO₄)3*(14H₂O), can reduce concentrations of some materials in runoff from sites treated with organic amendments. The objectives of this study were to (a) quantify concentrations of selected constituents (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, 5, Se, Ti, and Zn) in runoff from plots treated with horse manure (mixed with stall bedding) and municipal sludge, (b) assess runoff quality effects of alum addition to those treatments, and (c) determine time variations in concentrations of the constituents. Horse manure and municipal sludge were applied to twelve 2.4 by 6.1 m fescue plots (six each for the manure and sludge). Alum was added to three of the manure-treated and three of the sludge-treated plots. Simulated rainfall (64 mm/h) was applied to the 12 treated plots and to three control (no treatment) plots. The first 0.5 h runoff was sampled and analyzed for the constituents described above. Addition of manure or sludge had no effect on runoff concentrations of the majority of constituents. In some cases (e.g., Al, As, Fe, Zn), however, concentrations were near or in excess of threshold values recommended for marine wildlife protection. Alum addition increased runoff of Al, Ca, K, and 5, due likely to its composition and by the addition of lime to counteract the acidity of alum. Concentration decreases of more than 50 percent were noted for P for the horse manure treatment. No alum effect was detected for P in runoff from the sludge-treated plots, possibly due to relatively stable P forms in the sludge. Runoff concentrations of Al, As, Fe, K, Mn, and P followed an approximately first-order decline with respect to time. Runoff concentrations of Ca and 5, however, peaked during the second runoff sample (four minutes following initiation of runoff), suggesting that differences in mobility and/or transport mechanisms exist among the materials investigated.