再生造纸废水低成本治理工艺优化及应用

通过对国内外再生造纸废水处理工艺的归纳与总结,结合再生造纸的工艺特点,提出再生造纸废水低成本治理工艺。采用锅炉烟气处理脱墨黑夜,漂白废水用于废水脱色,采用絮凝沉淀、过滤等物化+生化处理相结合的方法处理综合废水。实现废水多级回用,循环水使用率达80%～90%,少量废水达标排放,投资和运行费用可节省近50%。     

Emergy analysis applied to the estimation of the recovery of costs for water services under the European Water Framework Directive

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs).The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m³ depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m³, depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m³, depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m³.Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m³, depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.     

有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa1

Arbuckle, Jr., J. Gordon, 2012. Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00688.x Abstract: Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) loan programs for water quality have traditionally funded infrastructure projects at the community, municipality, or state level. They are increasingly being used to support individual landowner adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) for nonpoint source pollution abatement. In 2005, the Iowa CWSRF initiated the Local Water Protection Program (LWPP) to increase the scope, scale, and rate of agricultural BMP establishment. This research examines the effectiveness of that program through a comparison of survey data from LWPP participants and state cost‐share recipients who were eligible for loans, but did not take them. Loan recipients’ assessments of the program were overwhelmingly positive, with near‐universal satisfaction with both the loan product and process. Results of statistical analyses indicate that loan recipients invested substantially more in conservation than nonrecipients. Evidence suggests that by helping program participants to overcome financial constraints, loans are facilitating larger and accelerated investments in conservation. Although findings indicate that conservation loans can play an important role in funding conservation, loan recipients also still depend on cost‐share. Loans are not necessarily a substitute for traditional forms of conservation funding, but rather another tool that landowners and conservation professionals can employ to facilitate investments in BMPs.     

Multiobjective optimisation method for life-cycle design of mechanical products

Manufacturing that minimises the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, life-cycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios; however, LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision-making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimisation analysis of a basic product design incorporating life-cycle considerations. We consider two types of optimisation approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimisation results differ according to the approach used, from the viewpoint of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimisation approaches with respect to the product's life-cycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimisation problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy of the robot and the different life-cycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material characteristics as design parameters, are also examined.     

Impacts of the Rising Opportunity Cost of Farm Labor on Agricultural Land Use Structure: Theory and Empirical Evidences

Abstract

Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low’s model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.     

基于成本核算的废旧动力电池回收模式分析与趋势研究

概述了动力电池流向、回收管理体系和回收模式等管理现状,总结提出了以新能源汽车生产企业、动力电池生产企业、第三方综合利用企业和产业联盟为回收主体的四种动力电池回收模式;考虑建设成本、运行维护成本、收集成本、贮存成本、运输成本、人工成本、税收成本、管理成本等8个构成要素,构建了废旧动力电池回收成本模型;核算了四种回收模式的废旧动力电池回收成本和利润情况.核算数据显示,回收1万t/a的废旧动力电池项目,在年总收益均为8500万元的条件下,四种回收模式的利润区间为-461~401万元.结果与趋势分析表明,我国可优先推广新能源汽车生产企业为回收主体的回收模式,便于迅速布局;市场成熟后以动力电池生产企业和综合利用企业为回收主体的模式将进入市场,专业性和技术性将大幅提升;当市场更加成熟,以产业联盟为主体的回收模式将更具优势,回收成本降到最低.综上,建议从避免重复建设,缩短资金周转周期,探索创新模式,构建绿色供应链以及完善回收法律体系等方面入手,进一步完善我国废旧动力电池回收体系.     

基于AHP-PSO的滇池流域生态补偿标准评估

通过AHP（层次分析法）在决策目标、影响指标及评估方案3层要素之间,选取湖泊环境、社会因素及经济因素3个维度的25个基层指标,建立了湖泊生态补偿标准评估指标体系。采用MATLAB软件编写了2个程序,分别用于求解初始评分矩阵、计算评估方案权重和辅助PSO（粒子群优化算法）修正指标体系中不满足一致性要求的初始评分矩阵、优化层次分析结果。经计算,生态系统服务价值理论与污染治理费用法的权重分别为38.16%、61.84%。选用生态系统服务价值理论与污染治理费用法两种评估方案,并结合市场价值法、成果参照法、影子工程法、Vollenweider模型及完全混合模型,通过实证研究检验评估标准的合理性。计算得出滇池流域的生态补偿标准总额为32.630 2亿元/a,流域内单位面积的生态补偿标准为5 207元/（a·hm²）。     

陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析

陇中黄土丘陵地区经济贫困、环境脆弱、生活能源短缺,生物质过量消费成为生态环境退化的重要驱动因素。论文通过问卷调查获取相关数据,并建立计量模型,基于替代性分析估算了不同用能结构情景下的环境经济成本。结果表明,现状户均生活能源消费2 112.44kgce/a,人均428.59kgce/a,用能水平较低。目前农户消费能源选择的主要依据是能源的现金支出和可获得性。与农户现状用能结构相比较,4种替代结构的能源消费总成本、环境成本、经济成本及现金支出差异较大。利用沼气和太阳能的结构各项成本低,应是今后农村能源建设的方向。     

基于粮食安全的耕地保护区域经济补偿标准测算

论文依据耕地保护的机会成本损失和基于区域粮食安全所折算的耕地赢余或赤字量,测算出耕地保护区域间的经济补偿标准,以矫正耕地保护的外部经济损失。在不同情景模式下的测算结果表明,粮食主产区为主要的补偿对象,黑龙江省所应补偿的金额最高,可获得543.24×10⁸元/年,而东部地区大多为耕地保护外部效益补偿金的主要支付者,上海市需要支付的补偿金最多,最低也应支付421.79×10⁸元/年。为了保障区域内粮食自给,一些地区维护粮食安全的成本会较高。在耕地保护过程中应该打破传统农业自给自足的封闭循环,遵循耕地保护机会成本的区域差异和区域土地利用的比较优势,统筹区域土地利用,使耕地保护成为实现农业区域专门化,取得规模经济效益和集聚效益的手段。