Q345(16Mn)钢在恒温加载条件下的应力-应变曲线和弹性模量

为评估和分析钢结构的耐火性能,对我国10个钢厂生产的16Mn钢进行152次恒温加载试验研究。结果表明,钢材的应力-应变曲线随温度升高,应力变小而应变增大,曲线斜率即弹性模量随温度升高和应变增大而趋于零。钢材在高温下的弹塑性性质非常明显,在钢结构高温性能分析中应当考虑这种特性。依据试验结果构建了以表格形式表达的钢材折线应力-应变曲线和弹性模量,为火灾下钢结构的变形和温度应力计算提供参考。     

The impacts of anthropogenic factors on the environment in Nigeria

Generally speaking, there has been a consensus on the primary drivers of anthropogenic induced environmental degradation. However, little progress has been made in determining the magnitude of the impacts, particularly in developing countries. This creates a lacuna that needs to be filled up. The purpose of this study therefore is to ascertain the degree of anthropogenic induced environmental impacts in Nigeria. To achieve the aim, fossil fuel consumption was used as a surrogate for carbon dioxide emissions while the magnitude of the impacts was determined by regression statistics and the STIRPAT model. The results show that only three variables, namely population, affluence and urbanization, were statistically significant and that the regression model accounts for 60% of the variation in the environmental impacts. However, population and affluence, which have ecological elasticities of 1.699 and 2.709, respectively, are the most important anthropogenic drivers of environmental impacts in Nigeria while urbanization, with an elasticity of -0.570, reduces the effect of the impacts. This implies that modernization brings about a reduction in environmental impacts. The paper therefore makes a significant contribution to knowledge by successfully testing the STIRPAT model in this part of the world and by being the first application of the model at political units below the regional or nation states.     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Low‐Rise Apartment Water Demand through Integration of Water Consumption,Land Use,and Demographic Data

Over the past decades, multi‐unit housing developments have been vastly expanded across urban areas due to the population growth. To properly supply water to this growing sector, it is essential to understand the determinants of its water use. However, this task has largely remained unexplored through the empirical study of water demand mainly due to the scarcity of data in this sector. This study integrated apartment water consumption, property characteristics, weather, water pricing, and census microdata to overcome this issue. Using a rich source of GIS‐based urban databases in Auckland, New Zealand, the study developed a large dataset containing the information of 18,000 low‐rise apartments to evaluate the determinants of water use both in the household scale and aggregated scale. The household‐scale demand analysis helped to assess the heterogeneity in responses to the demand drivers specifically water price across different consumer groups, whereas the aggregated analysis revealed the determinants behind the spatial variation in water demand at the census area unit level. Through applying panel data models, the study revealed the household size as the most important determinant of apartment water use in Auckland, where other socioeconomic factors, building features, and water pricing were not significant determinants. This knowledge of determinants of water demand can help water planners to better manage water demand in the compact urban environments.     

排污权政策模拟和系统动力学研究——基于动态博弈的视角

本文基于完全信息的经典双寡头古诺模型,构建不完全信息——不同理性程度的动态三寡头博弈模型,对三个寡头企业作出异质性理性的假设:天真理性、有限理性和适应性预期的理性行为,将传统博弈理论和动力系统的分岔理论相结合,模拟排污权交易市场中的寡头厂商行为,在假设企业是通过在排污权交易市场购买额外的排污权治理污染的条件下,探究产量调整速度、边际治污成本和排污权价格对企业产量决策的影响,对纳什均衡的存在和稳定条件进行分析。数值模拟结果表明,产量调整速度处于一定范围内,系统处于稳定状态,当超过这一范围时,适应性预期厂商的均衡产量只发生了倍周期分岔,而有限理性厂商的均衡产量经由倍周期分岔进入混沌状态;边际治污成本对系统稳定性的影响取决于企业的理性预期,随着边际治污成本的增加,有限理性厂商的产量越稳定,而天真理性和适应性预期的厂商刚好相反,经济系统出现周期分岔甚至混沌,混沌最终稳定在纳什均衡水平,说明边际治污成本越高,市场越不稳定;一个有趣的发现是排污权价格的增大有利于寡头市场产量供给的稳定。系统的奇怪吸引子、最大Lyapunov指数和对初值的敏感依赖性验证了系统处于混沌的事实。由于混沌意味着无序使模型预测变得困难,最后运用延迟反馈控制法使混沌稳定在纳什均衡水平,此时寡头厂商获得最大化利润。这对于稳定排污权市场,防止市场出现无序混沌的情形有一定的现实意义。     

基于STIRPAT模型的甘肃省环境影响分析

能源短缺已成为全球资源环境的主要问题之一,辩明人类活动各因素对能源消费的影响程度,并据此制定和实施可持续的能源消费政策是当前的研究热点。以STIRPAT模型为分析工具,以甘肃省1991～2009年能源消费总量为环境影响指标,分解了人文因素对环境影响的作用大小。结果表明,富裕程度的提高和城市化进程的推进都能够加剧环境的恶化,而且城市化对环境影响的弹性系数是富裕对环境影响弹性系数的278倍。在观测数据范围内,尚未出现环境Kuznets曲线的拐点,仍然处于曲线的上升段。居民消费结构的多样化有利于降低能源消费,其对环境影响的抑制作用略低于富裕对环境影响的加剧作用。最后讨论了STIRPAT模型的优缺点,并指出甘肃省主要相关因子对环境影响的作用机理还有待更深一步的研究     

城市发展与水环境污染的研究

本文研究了城市发展与水环境污染的关系。运用灰色关联分析表明,对水污染排放的影响程度大小依次为:人口密度(γ1=0.4456)工业发展(γ3=0.3498)环保投入(γ2=0.2656)。通过弹性系数预测法分析了上海废水排放与人均GDP的发展趋势。     

青岛大气气溶胶中游离氨基化合物的浓度、组成和来源

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶中一类重要的有机氮化合物,由于其具有吸湿性,且沉降入海后可被海洋浮游生物直接利用,因此,可能在大气化学方面和海洋生态系统中具有重要作用.基于此,本研究利用2007年6月至2008年5月在青岛采集的55个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中游离氨基化合物(FAC)的浓度.结果表明,气溶胶中总FAC浓度为0.14~8.33 nmol·m^-3,其中,精氨酸、甲胺和丙氨酸的贡献最大.不同季节FAC的组成不同,精氨酸在夏、秋季节对FAC的贡献高于冬、春季节,甲胺的相对贡献则在夏季较低,而冬、春季较高.采样期间气团来源和天气状况的不同会影响气溶胶中FAC的浓度和组成.FAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中的浓度最低,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方陆源气溶胶中最低.雾天和烟霾时气溶胶中FAC的浓度分别为晴天时的2.5倍和1.8倍,沙尘天气时FAC浓度与晴天时基本相当,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总FAC的贡献在晴天和雨后相对较高,在烟霾和雾天时相对较低.     

弹性填料净化受污染入湖河流的现场试验研究

利用新型弹性填料作为生物膜载体,将其直接布置在林庄港河道中,研究在不影响河流生态系统结构和使用功能的前提下,弹性填料对河流微污染水体的强化净化效果.现场试验在挂膜成功后共运行了半年.结果表明,弹性填料对氨氮的去除效果最好.它在整个运行期间对高锰酸钾指数的平均净去除率为5.4%,其中最高为9.9%;氨氮净去除率在5.35%～39.91%,总磷的净去除率最高也达到了28.6%.同时细菌学检验结果表明,高锰酸钾指数的去除率与附着在填料丝上的异养菌的数量存在正比关系;而亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌的数量也与氨氮的去除率变化相匹配.     

与限控CO2排放有关的若干指标分析

本文针对美国政府近来提出的未来10年问使其GDP的CO2排放强度下降18%的承诺，就与限控CO2排放相关的若干指标，包括GDP的CO2排放强度、CO2排放对GDP的弹性、能源消费弹性、能源消费的CO2排放强度、GDP的能源消费强度等相互间的关系以及其年变化率与GDP年增长率之间的关系，进行了定量的数学推导，并以确定的数学关系式为工具，对美国承诺所涉及的经济增长、能源消费等相关问题进行了分析。     

大尺度薄板激光焊接前后的弹性实验

研究了激光焊接对大尺度薄板弹性的影响。实验测试了焊接前后的弹性ˉ位移曲线。通过显著性检验 ,判断弹性改变是否发生。实验结果对汽车行业采用激光加工技术具有一定的参考意义。