FPSO泡沫灭火系统的有效性研究

从泡沫灭火剂的选择、种类特性、取样送检要求、兼容性等几方面对FPSD泡沫灭火系统的有效性进行了研究,旨在从泡沫灭火系统的设计、采办、布局、安装、调试、操作及日常维护等整个生产周期出发,确保FPSO泡沫灭火系统的完整、可用和有效,以期为油田的安全开发提供参考。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅳ)——导管架平台阴极保护应用研究

目的通过构型优化设计了一种新型牺牲阳极,使其在与常规阳极质量相当的前提下,增加初期发生电流,使被保护体较快极化到保护电位,后期发生电流降低,满足平均和末期保护电流需要,达到节约牺牲阳极用量的目的。方法在传统梯形阳极两侧增加两个翼翅,降低接水电阻,增加初期发生电流。翼翅优于本体快速溶解,其表面积迅速减小,发生电流随之降低。结果质量与常规阳极相近的新型阳极,初期发生电流增加30%以上,远高于设计值10%,初期极化完成后,新型阳极发生电流快速降低,达到与常规阳极相当的发生电流。结论据此试验结果对导管架平台水下结构进行阴极保护设计,可达到节约牺牲阳极用量的目的。     

洋山工程影响海洋环境关键因子的分析

分析了洋山工程群可能对近海生态环境产生的影响。结果表明,就目前而言,洋山工程群对近海生态环境的影响主要表现在施工期。主要的影响有大堤修筑、码头和桥桩钻孔、航道疏浚、炸礁清石、爆破挤淤、海底管道铺设和陆域吹填等作业,并由此产生的水下振动、冲击波、高浓度悬浮物、石油烃、有机物和生物填埋等因子。高浓度悬浮物直接或间接地影响浮游生物、鱼卵、仔稚鱼和游泳动物幼体等生长;冲击波直接引起一定范围内鱼类的死亡;水下振动对鱼群有驱赶作用;石油烃和有机物污染水体;填埋导致底栖动物死亡。洋山工程群建设和营运过程中污水排放量较少,有机污染物对海洋环境影响有限。悬浮物和生物填埋是工程影响海洋生态环境的关键因子。施工期结束,洋山海域生态环境可能较快地得以恢复。     

某装置海洋环境下腐蚀失效分析及控制措施研究

目的 解决采用ZL205A制造的某装置在海洋环境下的腐蚀失效问题.方法 分析装置所处的海洋浪花飞溅区的使用环境,对腐蚀原因与机理进行深入查找、研究.针对腐蚀原因,制定针对性的腐蚀控制措施,并通过试验予以验证.结果 装置腐蚀失效的主要原因为在海洋高盐、高湿的使用环境下,防腐蚀设计不足,防腐措施不到位,产生了电偶腐蚀、缝隙...     

海油陆采HSE管理初探＊

文章阐述了国内外海油陆采HSE管理现状,通过分析总结滩海油气生产设施从设计到投入使用全过程HSE管理经验,归纳整理出可借鉴的HSE管理技术,为中国石油海油陆采油田HSE文化的培育提供了有益的建议。     

几种海洋微藻对水中三丁基锡化合物的迁移和转化作用

实验表明，在半抑制效应浓度下纤弱角毛藻，扁藻，三角褐指藻对三丁基锡均有瞬时强吸附作用，其后，微藻对三丁基锡的吸收可单室生物积累模型描述，根据模型曲线拟合求出其总吸收饱和浓度和生物排出速常数，微藻对三丁基锡的生物富集因子高达１０＾４－１０＾５，主要取决于高比表面，高分配比和高摄取速率，７２ｈ纤弱角毛藻对三丁基锡的生物降解率在５％左右。     

Quantifying the squeezing or stretching of fisheries as they adapt to displacement by marine reserves

The designation of no‐take marine reserves involves social and economic concerns due to the resulting displacement of fishing effort, when fishing rights are removed from those who traditionally fished within an area. Displacement can influence the functioning of the fishery and success of the reserve, yet levels of displacement are seldom quantified after reserve implementation and very rarely before that. We devised a simple analytical framework based on set theory to facilitate reserve placement. Implementation of the framework requires maps of fishing grounds, fishing effort, or catch per unit effort for at least 2 years. The framework quantifies the level of conflict that a reserve designation might cause in the fishing sector due to displacement and the opportunities to offset the conflict through fisher spatial mobility (i.e., ability of fishers to fish elsewhere). We also considered how the outputs of the framework can be used to identify targeted management interventions for each fishery. We applied the method in Honduras, where the largest marine protected area in Central America is being placed, for which spatial data on fishing effort were available for 6 fisheries over 3 years. The proposed closure had a greater negative impact on the shrimp and lobster scuba fisheries, which concentrated respectively 28% and 18% of their effort inside the reserve. These fisheries could not accommodate the displacement within existing fishing grounds. Both would be forced to stretch into new fishing grounds, which are available but are of unknown quality. These stakeholders will likely require compensation to offset costly exploratory fishing or to travel to fishing grounds farther away from port.     

Implications of Macroalgal Isolation by Distance for Networks of Marine Protected Areas

The global extent of macroalgal forests is declining, greatly affecting marine biodiversity at broad scales through the effects macroalgae have on ecosystem processes, habitat provision, and food web support. Networks of marine protected areas comprise one potential tool that may safeguard gene flow among macroalgal populations in the face of increasing population fragmentation caused by pollution, habitat modification, climate change, algal harvesting, trophic cascades, and other anthropogenic stressors. Optimal design of protected area networks requires knowledge of effective dispersal distances for a range of macroalgae. We conducted a global meta‐analysis based on data in the published literature to determine the generality of relation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance among macroalgal populations. We also examined whether spatial genetic variation differed significantly with respect to higher taxon, life history, and habitat characteristics. We found clear evidence of population isolation by distance across a multitude of macroalgal species. Genetic and geographic distance were positively correlated across 49 studies; a modal distance of 50–100 km maintained F_ST < 0.2. This relation was consistent for all algal divisions, life cycles, habitats, and molecular marker classes investigated. Incorporating knowledge of the spatial scales of gene flow into the design of marine protected area networks will help moderate anthropogenic increases in population isolation and inbreeding and contribute to the resilience of macroalgal forests. Implicaciones del Aislamiento por Distancia de Macroalgas para Redes de Áreas Marinas Protegidas     

海洋环境污染监测方案设计研究

海洋环境污染监测方案是一项复杂的系统工程。中国经过２０多年海洋环境污好监测的实践活动，积累了丰富的经验。但是，由于未能对海洋环境污染监测方案进行深入细致的研讨，致使今天我国海洋环境污染监测尚停留在定性或半定量描述阶段。该文第一次把有关海洋环境污染监测相结合，通过运用逻辑构思方法和监测方法学，详细分析监测方案设计中的各个阶段，监测目标的提出，到方案的实施；从监测数据的加工，到监测信息的发布都进行了辩证的分析。本文既是中国海洋环境污染监测方案的设计指南，也是中国海洋环境污染监测工作的集大成。     

基于APJE-SLIM的海运人因失误概率的确定

安全是海运行业永恒的主题,调查研究表明,人因失误是造成海事的主要原因。为了对海运人因失误进行研究,探讨引起人因失误的行为形成因子(PSF),确定在PSF影响下的人因失误概率。在调查海上避让行为的人因失误和这些失误的行为形成因子的基础上,采用APJE和SLIM相结合的方法对航海人员避让行为中的可靠性进行分析。结果表明,航海人员疲劳与健康程度、知识、经验与培训水平、任务复杂程度、安全管理水平与组织有效性等PSF对人因失误概率有着不同程度的影响,相应提高PSF水平,可极大地减少人因失误概率。利用APJE确定端点绝对失误概率,解决了SLIM方法中难以获得参考点概率的问题,获得了在不同种类不同水平PSF影响下的海运人因失误概率。