直岗拉卡水电站工程生态环境的影响分析

直岗拉卡水电站地处青藏高原,是黄河上游第4个梯级电站,工程所处区域属生态环境十分敏感和脆弱的青藏高原。论文在阐述直岗拉卡水电站工程影响区生态环境基本特征的基础上,度量了该区域生物多样性及电站运行后对生态环境的影响程度,提出了相关对策。分析表明,直岗拉卡水电站工程在实施严格的环境保护措施后对生态环境的影响是可以接受的。     

海水和海洋沉积物中总磷的测定

系统介绍了海水和海洋沉积物中总磷的测定方法，选用Ｋ２Ｓ２Ｏ８为氧化剂将有关形式的Ｐ转化成ＰＯ＾３－４，连同样品中原有的ＰＯ＾３－４－起用以抗坏到为还原剂的磷钼蓝法测定。方法的精密度６％，回收率为９１％－１０７％。     

海洋环境中氧同位素示踪物技术

本文简要地介绍了在环境海洋学中的氧同位素示踪物技术，它有望成为大洋环流研究中一种新的可靠方法。以热带西太平洋和东海黑潮区等为例，文章对运用氧同位素示踪物技术以及氧同位素与盐度的相羞生描述海流的输运过程、水平和垂直扩散过程以及水团特征和混合过程等问题加以阐述。     

岩溶山区煤炭开采的环境影响与对策浅析

岩溶山区的煤炭开采必将时生态环境造成影响和破环．为确保煤炭生产与生态环境的协调发展，根据岩溶山区资源环境与生态特点。采取积极有效的综合防治措施，以及收取环境恢复治理保证金的建议，可望通过实践取得成效．     

四川省酸性降水范围,趋势预测及其对农作物,蔬菜生长影响估损

本文在综述四川酸性降水范围、发展趋势预测的基础上，根据野外调查、现场考察和有关资料，阐述了酸雨形成的多种污染源及其对农业生态系统的危害。着重分析和论证了酸沉降（含酸雨、酸雾）对农作蔬菜的影响，并对酸沉降形成的主要几种污染影响范围和造成的经济损失采用分项估算法。估算公式为：Ｓ农损＝Ｄ粮损×ｇ×Ｊ＋Ｅ蔬损×ｇ×Ｊ＋Ｆ油损×ｇ×Ｊ，式中Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ分别代表粮食、蔬菜、油菜受酸沉降污染危害影响面积，ｇ为每亩面积减产数量，Ｊ为单位产量价格。根据公式估算，经济损失为０５９－０６６亿元／年，取平均值≈Ｓ农损，总共为０６３亿元／年。     

磁变仪定向的研究

讨论了固定铁磁影响环境和无铁磁影响环境中磁变仪的定向问题，并对《地磁台站观测规范》提出了修改建议     

基于人工神经网络理论的船舶动力装置安全综合评价模型

为提高船舶动力装置安全综合评价水平，依据人工神经网络的基本原理，分析了BP神经网络模型的基本原理和优化策略，将其应用于船舶动力装置的安全评价之中。提出了基于神经网络理论的船舶动力装置综合安全评价模型及实现方法，并以实例论证了此方法的可行性。     

Quantifying the squeezing or stretching of fisheries as they adapt to displacement by marine reserves

The designation of no‐take marine reserves involves social and economic concerns due to the resulting displacement of fishing effort, when fishing rights are removed from those who traditionally fished within an area. Displacement can influence the functioning of the fishery and success of the reserve, yet levels of displacement are seldom quantified after reserve implementation and very rarely before that. We devised a simple analytical framework based on set theory to facilitate reserve placement. Implementation of the framework requires maps of fishing grounds, fishing effort, or catch per unit effort for at least 2 years. The framework quantifies the level of conflict that a reserve designation might cause in the fishing sector due to displacement and the opportunities to offset the conflict through fisher spatial mobility (i.e., ability of fishers to fish elsewhere). We also considered how the outputs of the framework can be used to identify targeted management interventions for each fishery. We applied the method in Honduras, where the largest marine protected area in Central America is being placed, for which spatial data on fishing effort were available for 6 fisheries over 3 years. The proposed closure had a greater negative impact on the shrimp and lobster scuba fisheries, which concentrated respectively 28% and 18% of their effort inside the reserve. These fisheries could not accommodate the displacement within existing fishing grounds. Both would be forced to stretch into new fishing grounds, which are available but are of unknown quality. These stakeholders will likely require compensation to offset costly exploratory fishing or to travel to fishing grounds farther away from port.     

Implications of Macroalgal Isolation by Distance for Networks of Marine Protected Areas

The global extent of macroalgal forests is declining, greatly affecting marine biodiversity at broad scales through the effects macroalgae have on ecosystem processes, habitat provision, and food web support. Networks of marine protected areas comprise one potential tool that may safeguard gene flow among macroalgal populations in the face of increasing population fragmentation caused by pollution, habitat modification, climate change, algal harvesting, trophic cascades, and other anthropogenic stressors. Optimal design of protected area networks requires knowledge of effective dispersal distances for a range of macroalgae. We conducted a global meta‐analysis based on data in the published literature to determine the generality of relation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance among macroalgal populations. We also examined whether spatial genetic variation differed significantly with respect to higher taxon, life history, and habitat characteristics. We found clear evidence of population isolation by distance across a multitude of macroalgal species. Genetic and geographic distance were positively correlated across 49 studies; a modal distance of 50–100 km maintained F_ST < 0.2. This relation was consistent for all algal divisions, life cycles, habitats, and molecular marker classes investigated. Incorporating knowledge of the spatial scales of gene flow into the design of marine protected area networks will help moderate anthropogenic increases in population isolation and inbreeding and contribute to the resilience of macroalgal forests. Implicaciones del Aislamiento por Distancia de Macroalgas para Redes de Áreas Marinas Protegidas     

Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.