白石水库颗粒有机物及沉积物中碳、氮稳定同位素的空间分布特征

于2013年10月对辽宁省白石水库水质、颗粒有机物及底泥沉积物中δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:白石水库POC的平均浓度为(1.76±0.98)mg·L~(-1);TP的平均浓度为(0.04±0.03)mg·L~(-1);TN的平均浓度为(1.80±0.08)mg·L~(-1),TP和POC从上游到下游呈现逐渐降低的趋势;TN的水平分布变化不大.小型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-24.6±0.9)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(4.8±0.4)‰.大型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-22.5±0.9)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(6.7±0.5)‰,颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N变化范围都很广,小型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值最大差异可达4.6‰和2.7‰,大型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值最大差异分别为3.3‰和1.8‰.底泥沉积物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-24.2±1.2)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(4.1±0.7)‰.大型颗粒有机物与小型颗粒有机物之间的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).颗粒有机物和底泥沉积物中δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的水平分布具有由上游到下游逐渐增大的规律,颗粒有机物与沉积物之间的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值存在显著正相关关系(P0.05).垂直分布中,颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值是表层大于底层,TN和大型颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值呈显著正相关(P0.05),POC与颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01).白石水库水中和沉积物中的有机质主要来源于浮游生物和土壤有机质,颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值与POC和TP呈显著负相关(P0.05).     

过氧化钙复合片剂对水体修复和底泥磷控制的作用

以受污染水体及底泥为研究对象,制备了2种过氧化钙复合片剂(CPCTs),并考察了在混合投加方式下对上覆水的影响及控磷效果.复合片剂由过氧化钙(CaO₂)、灼烧净水污泥、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)等粉末直压制成,其中B片剂含硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄),A不含. 2种片剂吸附效果均较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型,对磷的理论最大吸附量分别达110.908 mg·g^-1和106.390 mg·g^-1.底泥模拟实验结果表明,与对照组相比,A、B组上覆水pH提高,Chl-a浓度降低(42.75%和60.82%),DO浓度提高(53.73%和63.30%). A、B组上覆水DIP浓度变化均显著,分别降低了54.93%和25.11%.对于底泥间隙水DIP, A、B组Ⅰ层(0～2 cm)变化均显著,分别降低了74.81%和65.66%;B组Ⅱ层(2～4 cm)变化显著,平均浓度降低了46.23%,而A组Ⅱ层变化不显著;A、B组Ⅲ层(4～6 cm)变化不显著.对于底泥形态磷,A、B组NH     

辽河口沉积物环境要素时空动态及影响因素分析

以辽河口为研究区域,利用遥感影像数据、现状调查数据和历史监测数据,系统地分析了辽河口沉积物质量历史变化趋势和空间分异规律,并进一步研究不同海域使用类型和不同植被演替阶段对沉积物环境要素分异特征的影响.结果表明,辽河口区域沉积物质量总体良好,各要素平均含量均符合一类沉积物质量要求;沉积物营养元素呈现显著的带状分布规律,重金属元素空间分布具有一定随机性,未呈现显著规律;不同海域使用类型对沉积物污染物富集的影响具有一定差异显著性,说明重金属及污染物的分布受到人类活动的影响,具有一定的随机性;植被不同演替阶段下主控因子具有显著差异,初级阶段主要受盐度控制,随着由盐生植被向陆生植被逐渐过渡,植被分布特征与总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的内在联系逐渐增大,同时重金属等污染物含量与植被群落内在联系并不显著.     

沱江沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征及其与藻类有机质的关系和生态风险评估

使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了长江支流沱江流域48个表层沉积物中有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides, OCPs)的残留水平,探讨了其分布和组成特征及其与总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)、藻类有机质之间的关系,以及评估其生态风险.结果表明沱江流域表层沉积物中OCPs的总含量为3.17～127 ng·g^-1,其中六六六(hexachlorocyclohexane, HCHs)类农药的含量为2.83～86.0 ng·g^-1,滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDTs)类农药的含量为0.340～40.9 ng·g^-1.OCPs空间分布特点为:上游<中游<下游<支流.HCHs和DDTs的组成成分分析表明,沱江流域存在林丹输入的现象,主要来自于历史残留,这与绝大多数流域的DDTs的输入状况相似.OCPs含量与TOC、藻类有机质含量之间存在着极显著的正相关性关系,表明藻类有机质在TOC对沉积物中的OCPs分配中起更为重要...     

不同体系中黄河沉积物对Cd2+吸附能力的比较

以黄河包头段的沉积物为吸附剂,分别以Cd~(2 )单离子溶液体系和Pb~(2 )、Cu~(2 )、Zn~(2 )、Cd~(2 ) 4种离子的混合溶液体系为吸附质,开展了在不同体系中Cd~(2 )的吸附、形态转化及释放等的比较实验。结果表明,不同体系中,Cd~(2 )的吸附等温线类型、吸附量、pH突跃区域的差别均较大,但不同体系中Cd~(2 )被沉积物吸附后的形态转化趋势基本相同;多离子体系中Cd~(2 )被吸附后的释放百分率比对应时间的单离子体系大,且释放曲线的峰型亦不同。     

盐度和pH对崇明东滩沉积物中NH+4释放的影响研究

采集长江口下游的崇明东滩沉积物样，通过实验模拟研究盐度和pH对沉积物中NH4^ 释放的影响。结果表明，潮滩沉积物中NH4^ 的释放受盐度和pH的共同控制。NH4^ 随着盐度的变化呈明显的“M”型双峰曲线，释放量最小出现在盐度为0‰。释放峰值出现在盐度为5‰、20‰。NH4^ 随着pH的释放规律因盐度环境和沉积物类型的不同而显著不同。NH4^ 的释放量与沉积物类型有关，沙性物质含量高的低潮滩沉积物中NH4^ 的释放量明显低于沙性物质少的中潮滩。     

厦门杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs分析与风险评估

利用ASE-GC-MS(加速溶剂萃取与气相色谱质谱仪联用)方法分析了USEPA(美国环保署)16种优控PAHs在厦门城郊杏林湾水系的19个表层沉积物样点中的含量,并对其组成、来源和风险进行了探讨.结果表明,杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs含量介于413.00~2 748.81 ng·g-1,均值为949.56 ng·g-1;在检测出的13种PAHs中,强致癌性的Bk F和Bghi P检出率高达73.68%,均值分别为69.15 ng·g-1和49.86 ng·g-1;PAHs以2~4环为主,其中2+3环比例均值为61.03%,4环比例均值为23.53%;5和6环均值为15.82%.在所采集的沉积物样品中,中度污染占调查样品数的68.42%,高度污染的占31.58%.利用Ant/(Ant+Phe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值法和主成分分析方法对杏林湾流域中PAHs其来源进行分析,以及平均沉积物质量基准商(m SQG-Q)法进行生态风险评估,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为石油源以及石油燃烧源;SQG-Q小于0.50;综合含量、组成特征以及沉积物质量基准商等评价表明,研究区域内靠近杏林工业区一侧的2、3、5和9号采样区以及13号港头采样区表层沉积物中PAHs具有较高的生态安全风险;值得进一步关注.     

Factors affecting the distribution of trace elements in harbour sediments

A large number of data (n=488) were acquired from 2003 to 2006 for five Italian harbours and three control areas to determine trace element (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Ni) levels in sediments. Results were utilised to evaluate, on a multivariate statistical basis, pollution levels, significant relationships between observed levels and specific factors, and enrichment factors. Of the factors tested, main human use of harbour, was best able to determine segregations in the observed trace element fingerprints. Compared with the concentration limit approach, the evaluation of enrichment factors, even if affected by mathematical approximations, represented a useful tool for environmental studies, allowing evaluation of the presence of sediments enriched by human activities and reducing the occurrence of both false positives and false negatives due to natural differences in aluminosilicate levels.     

Impact of heavy metals of industrial plant wastewater on benthic communities of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of human impact on the characteristics of sediments heavy metal concentration, grain size and its influence on the structure of the microbial and meiofaunal community assemblages. A survey was carried out in July 2013 within six sites located in the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia), both downstream and upstream of industrial effluents. The highest total sediment metal concentrations were detected in stations located close to the industrial sewage discharge points. In these stations, the lowest densities of the total meiofauna (33?±?13?ind/10?cm^?2) and conversely the highest densities of cultivable bacteria that are heavy metal resistant have been reported (16?±?80.34?CFU?g^?1). Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MDS/CCA) analyses demonstrate high dissimilarity (0.06) in meiofaunal and bacterial community structures between downstream and upstream industrial sewages. Furthermore, canonical correspondence analysis CCA results indicated that heavy metal sediment contamination promoted bacteria that are resistant to heavy metals, while heterotrophic bacteria supported the development of meiofauna taxa. The results highlight the importance of bacteria/meiofauna interactions, as both meiofaunal and microbial communities give indications of the ecological impact of heavy metal contamination in sediment.     

Estimation of Similarity in the Qualitative Composition of Humic Substance in Marine Sediments By Means of an Uv-Spectroscopic Library

In this paper a method for the study of the qualitative similarity of extractable humic substance (EHS) in marine sediments based on the realisation of UV spectral library of EHS is described. the spectral library was built including the digitised spectra of humic substance extracted from several marine sediments (46 samples) and two samples of standard materials (lignin sulphonate and humic substance) in a Statistica data file. the data matrix was elaborated by means of different multivariate statistic techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the univariate technique Spectral Correlation Analysis (SCA). This approach allows us to show the contribution of different organic compounds (aromatic, lipid and acid) to the composition of EHS and moreover it evidences also the structural characteristics of EHS in terms of similarities in the qualitative composition of samples such as presence of terrestrial and/or vegetal contributions. the UV library is an objective tool to study the qualitative composition of EHS and it represents a complementary approach to the most common methods based on the application of spectroscopic (IR, ¹³CNMR), potentiometric and chromatographic techniques.