海洋沉积物中Zn对底栖端足类生物的毒性

通过分析Zn加标沉积物中酸溶挥发性硫化物与同步提取金属的摩尔浓度差值解释Zn对底栖生物的毒性作用,受试生物种选择端足类底栖生物日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica),使用实验室沉积物10-day急性毒性生物检验方法进行检验分析结果表明,当酸溶挥发性硫化物与同步提取金属的差值＜0μmol/g干重时,Zn在沉积物间隙水中的浓度非常低,而且在生物急性毒性试验中也很少发现生物致死的现象相反,当二者的差值＞0μmol/g时,Zn在沉积物间隙水中的浓度则明显升高,而且在生物急性毒性试验中受试生物致死率迅速增加.本研究通过将化学数据与生物短期暴露的观察结果相比较,支持了使用酸溶挥发性硫化物作为归一化因子预测金属沾污沉积物毒性的方法.     

洪湖国际重要湿地沉积物磷空间分布特征及释放风险

洪湖国际重要湿地沉积物磷不同空间分布研究发现,洪湖入湖口沉积物TP含量范围为781.31~1955.84 mg·kg^-1,平均值为（1287.21±437.28）mg·kg^-1;湖区沉积物TP含量范围为438.33~1554.04 mg·kg^-1,平均值（718.10±238.15）mg·kg^-1.入湖口沉积物TP含量显著高于湖区沉积物（P<0.05）,养殖围垸沉积物TP含量高于湖面沉积物,但无显著差异（P>0.05）.湖区西北和东北区域沉积物TP含量高于西南区域,四湖总干渠入湖口沉积物TP显著高于螺山干渠入湖口（P<0.05）,四湖总干渠磷输入可能是洪湖沉积物磷主要来源.洪湖不同类型采样点的沉积物磷形态组成存在显著差异,入湖口沉积物磷形态以Fe/Al-P和Ca-P为主,而湖面沉积物以OP和Ca-P为主,空间磷形态组成变化与人类活动影响和水生植物分布有关.通过沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP估算沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）含量,以BAP占TP比例来估算洪湖沉积物磷释放风险,BAP/TP为39.8%~69%,均值为（56.5±7.23）%,存在较高的磷释放风险.OP和BAP与上覆水TP显著相关（P<0.01）,BAP与上覆水正磷酸盐相关性最高,表明上覆水磷浓度可能与沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP向上覆水释放有关.     

桂林沉积物酸可挥发硫和同步提取金属的分析

测定了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫 (AVS)与同步提取的重金属 (SEM) ,研究了桂林地区水系沉积物中酸可挥发硫随深度的变化特征 ,并用 [SEM] [AVS]方法对桂林地区水系沉积物中重金属的生物毒性进行了初步预测。     

长江(湖北段)沉积物中微量元素的分布特征及镉的形态

对长江(湖北段)不同时期沉积物中的微量元素(Cd,Zn,Pb,Cu,As,Hg,Cr,Ni,Mn)进行了研究.结果表明,从早期(一万年至两千年前)到现代(2002年),长江沉积物中多数微量元素的含量有明显的增加,尤其是Cd,Pb和Hg,由早期的0.25mg·kg-1,20.1mg·kg-1和0.046mg·kg-1分别增加至现代的0.71mg·kg-1,42.1mg·kg-1和0.098mg·kg-1.用连续提取法对沉积物中Cd赋存形态的测定结果显示,从早期到现代,碳酸盐结合态Cd所占比例有明显的增长,由早期的14.5%增加至现代的28.7%,松结和紧结有机结合态Cd也有不同程度的增加;铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的比例显著降低,由早期的31.3%变为现代的14.9%;残渣态Cd的百分率也有一定程度的降低.     

基于人工神经网络方法的河北省近海沉积物重金属污染综合评价

利用误差反相传播神经(BP)网络对河北省近海沉积物中的铅、镉、锌、汞、砷5种重金属元素的污染水平进行分析,利用自组织特征映射(SOFM)网络对上述重金属元素分布特征进行分类,通过分类与污染水平量化值的结合,进行综合评价。SOFM把52个沉积物样品分别划分为3、4、6类和9类。对比各种分类,分为3类的物理意义较明确,每个类别分别对应高中低不同的污染物浓度水平,差异显著、分类方式比较合理。通过此种分类可以判断河北省近海的沉积物重金属污染在不同海域存在一定的差别,整体上是离海岸越远,沉积物的重金属污染水平越高,距海岸较近的海域内,沉积物的重金属污染水平较低,但渤海湾内的重金属污染水平高于其他海域。     

两种底质对狐尾藻生长和生理指标的影响

在温室条件下,分别以土壤和沉积物作为底质,模拟研究狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）生长和生理指标的变化。结果表明：与营养水平相当的沉积物相比,以土壤作为底质的处理,其狐尾藻茎叶生物量降低了87．15％,根系生物量增加了226．54％,根系活力降低了46．46％,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别增加了134．20％和119．91％。上覆水和间隙水中活性磷浓度分别增加了146．67％和1382．61％。以土壤为底质,增加该处理水体中磷浓度,抑制狐尾藻生长。     

曝气复氧对滇池重污染支流底泥污染物迁移转化的影响

利用模拟试验方法,研究和探讨了河道曝气复氧对滇池重污染支流底泥污染物迁移转化的影响,结果表明:(1)曝气复氧会导致上覆水体pH值上升0.6～1.0;(2)曝气复氧对上覆水体中TN、TP的质量浓度影响相似,在好氧处理条件下呈下降趋势,而在不曝气的对照处理中呈持续上升趋势,两种状况上覆水体TN、TP的平均变化速率分别为:-0.156 mg·L-1·d-1、-0.060mg·L-1·d-1和0.414mg·L-1·d-1、0.036mg·L-1·d-1;(3)上覆水体中COD的质量浓度在好氧和对照两种处珲条件下,表现出两种不同的变化趋势,前者先上升后下降,而后者先下降后上升,平均变化速率分别为-0.361 mg·L-1·d-1和0.314 mg·L-1·d-1;(4)曝气复氧可抑制河道底泥向上覆水释放污染物质,适合于重污染河道水体修复.     

太湖藻对水-沉积物界面磷交换过程的影响

采用太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水,以及从太湖水体中分离出的水华优势蓝藻(铜绿微囊藻)和常见绿藻(月芽藻), 室内模拟研究了这2种藻对太湖梅梁湾沉积物磷交换过程的影响. 结果表明:藻种的不同显著影响磷在水-沉积物界面的交换过程. 在沉积物和上覆水灭活条件下,铜绿微囊藻能够显著增加沉积物磷的释放量,引起上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐的增加;而月芽藻的存在没有引起沉积物中磷的明显释放,上覆水中可溶性磷酸盐一直保持在很低水平. 在低磷浓度的水体中,藻类会被诱导产生碱性磷酸酶,分解大分子可溶性有机磷,以满足自身生长的需要. 沉积物中各形态磷存在明显的转化作用,其中铁磷和碱提有机磷含量明显下降,而钙磷和酸提有机磷含量则大幅增加.      

Monitoring of the Fate, Transport, and Effects of Sewage Sludge Disposed at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site

Since 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted monitoring studies to determine the transport, fate, and effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site). This paper describes EPA's 106-Mile Site monitoring activities and the results from six oceanographic surveys of the Site. Surveys have been conducted to track sewage sludge plumes and monitor dispersion and settling characteristics; study plume toxicity and contaminant levels; search for sludge and sludge constituents in surface waters in the area of the Site up 74 km (40 nautical miles) away; maintain a stationary real-time current meter near the Site; deploy and retrieve approximately 50 sediment traps and 17 current meters on 10 arrays from Hudson Canyon south to Delaware Canyon, at depths ranging from 1500 to 2800 m; and deploy satellite-tracked drifters. Results of studies completed to date have provided field data on the chemical and physical behaviour of sludge discharge plumes. Short-term persistence of sludge particles in surface waters above the pycnocline was observed and advection of sludge material from the Site may be rapid, in many cases on the order of hours. A suggestion that removal of sludge material from the surface mixed layer at the Site occurs more from horizontal mixing and advection than from vertical transport processes is supported by the data. Finally, monitoring results have provided data for assessment of permit compliance and for development of additional monitoring to detect far-field transport and long-term impacts - monitoring efforts relative to these concetns continue.     

Evaluation of a fluorometric screening method for predicting total PAH concentrations in contaminated sediments

A fluorometric screening method was used to estimate total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (t-PAH) concentrations in sediments collected from the St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC) in northeastern Minnesota. Sediments were collected as part of a Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) study to assess sediment quality in the AOC. The screening method was calibrated using a PAH surrogate standard consisting of eight PAHs commonly found in the St. LouisRiver system, at their approximate proportions. Estimated PAHconcentrations were compared to GC/MS measured `true' PAH concentrations to evaluate the overall predictive power of thescreening method. Regression analysis of log transformed estimated versus true PAH concentration yielded an r² of 0.72 (n = 86). In addition, the rates of false positive and false negative predictions associated with the screening methodwere determined relative to different sediment effects concentrations (SECs) for total PAHs. In general, the rate of false positive predictions was shown to increase as the SEC criteria value decreased, while false negative rates remainedconsistently low (below 7%). Methodological recommendations which led to a three-fold reduction in false negatives, and theimproved prediction of both high and low PAH samples, are presented.