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491.
Xin Y. Guo Li S. Sun Meng Y. Huang Wei L. Xu Ying Wang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(1):1-9
A simultaneous method for quantifying eight metabolites of organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid pesticides in urine samples has been established. The analytes were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction coupled with WCX solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Eight metabolites were chemically derivatized before analysis using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS–MS). The separation was performed on a HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) with temperature programming. The detection was performed under electro-spray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. An internal standard method was used. The extraction solvent, types of SPE cartridges and eluents were optimized by comparing the sample recoveries under different conditions. The results showed that the calibration curves of the five organophosphorus pesticides metabolites were linear in the range of 0.2–200 μg/L (r2 ≥ 0.992) and that of the three pyrethroid pesticides metabolites were linear in the range of 0.025–250 μg/L (r2 ≥ 0.991). The limits of detection (LODs, S/N ≥ 3) and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N ≥ 10) of the eight metabolites were 0.008–0.833 μg/L and 0.25–2.5 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the eight metabolites ranged from 54.08% to 82.49%. This efficient, stable, and cost-effective method is adequate to handle the large number of samples required for surveying the exposure level of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in the general population. 相似文献
492.
In the present work, the thin layer drying kinetics of potato during natural convection solar drying was investigated experimentally. Cylindrical potato samples with length 50 mm and varying diameter of 8, 10 and 13 mm were dried in an in-house designed and fabricated laboratory scale mixed-mode solar dryer. Thirteen different thin-layer mathematical models were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio (MR) data. The obtained results indicated that the Modified Page model could satisfactorily describe the drying curve of potato cylinders with higher value of R2 and lower values of RMSE and χ2. The shrinkage parameter is incorporated in the analytical diffusion model to study the moisture transfer mechanism of potato cylinders. It was observed that the values of effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) and convective mass transfer coefficient (hm) are overestimated in the range of 85.02–90.27% and 39.11–45.11% for the range of sample diameter examined, without considering the shrinkage effect in the mass transfer analysis. A Multiphysics approach was adopted in this study to get insight into the drying behavior of potato cylinders in terms of food-moisture interactions during the solar drying process. The predicted results of MR are in close agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the anisotropic behavior of shrinkage as well as the moisture distribution inside the potato cylinder was very well described by Multiphysics model. 相似文献
493.
环境容量资产的核算是自然资源资产负债表编制中的主要组成部分。本文基于环境容量提出京津冀地区环境资产负债表编制方法,阐明该地区环境资产负债表的编制内容、核算范围以及编制路径,对2013年该地区及13个城市的环境容量资产进行核算,并编制了实物量资产负债表。在此基础上,提出了京津冀地区降低环境资产负债的政策建议,指出我国环境资产负债核算工作逐步规范化、制度化的方向。结果表明,京津冀地区大气及水环境容量均处于严重负债状态,其中,主要大气污染物SO2、NOx和PM2.5环境容量资产负债率分别为-235%、-263%和-316%,主要水污染物COD和NH3-N环境容量资产负债率分别为-414%和-850%。本文研究成果可为京津冀地区资源环境与经济发展决策提供科学基础,同时也可为其他地区开展环境资产核算研究提供参考。 相似文献
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496.
Abstact Simulating hydrologic processes in geologically complex environments is a difficult scientific task since it incorporates high level of uncertainty. Many studies have attempted to accurately quantify the rainfall-water level elevation relationship in freshwater bodies so as to predict flooding and drought events. For this purpose several types of models have been implemented including distributed, black box and conceptual models that often provide efficient results, depending on the availability of reliable data as well as on the level of understanding of the system. Nevertheless, in the particular effort, three different models have been used to describe the relationship between rainfall and water level elevation in Trichonis Lake during the period 1951–1997. A Transfer Function model, a Dynamic Linear Regression and a physically based model, consisting of the lake's water budget equation, its Digital Bathymetric Model and GIS algorithms. These models have been tested to assess their efficiency and applicability in a karstic environment and the aim of the study was to find the best modeling option for developing sustainable water management plans and establishing a flooding/drought warning system in the particular lake catchment. The results indicated that in areas with geologically complex conditions, simple, physically-based models operate better than mechanistic models which usually cannot describe adequately the complexity of the system 相似文献
497.
采用水蒸气蒸馏法对荠菜叶挥发油进行了提取。通过毛细管气相色谱—质谱联用法分离并鉴定了其化学成分,用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量,共分离确定了其中12种化合物,所鉴定化合物的含量占全油的65.62%,主要化学成分为:L-胍基琥珀酰亚胺(21.28%)、植醇(18%)、植酮(9.6%)、油酸(4.71%)、棕榈酸(3.97%)等。 相似文献
498.
499.
Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nandita B. Basu P. Suresh C. Rao Irene C. Poyer Subhas Nandy Megharaj Mallavarapu Ravi Naidu Greg B. Davis Bradley M. Patterson Michael D. Annable Kirk Hatfield 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2009,105(3-4):161-172
Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of 6 g/day at a plume control plane 175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long, 0.3 km wide; 17 m deep; 2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics. 相似文献
500.
Asif Qureshi Martin Scheringer Konrad Hungerbühler 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):452-462
A mass balance model for mercury based on the fugacity concept is applied to Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Onondaga Lake and Little Rock Lake to evaluate model performance, analyze cycling of three mercury species groups (elemental, divalent and methyl mercury), and identify important processes that determine the source-to-concentration relationship of the three mercury species groups in these lakes. This model application to four disparate ecosystems is an extension of previous applications of fugacity-based models describing mercury cycling. The model performs satisfactorily following site-specific parameterization, and provides an estimate of minimum rates of species interconversion that compare well with literature. Volatilization and sediment burial are the main processes removing mercury from the lakes, and uncertainty analyses indicate that air-water exchange of elemental mercury and water-sediment exchange of divalent mercury attached to particles are influential in governing mercury concentrations in water. Any new model application or field campaign to quantify mercury cycling in a lake should consider these processes as important. 相似文献