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681.
金属矿采空区多以矿房-矿柱组合的复杂采空群体系构成,这种复杂的空区群结构是一种复合应力拱的承载结构,复合应力拱的成拱机制形成了采场上方覆岩发生拉压破坏模式,进而导致围岩塌陷及巷道破坏;为了监测采空区影响下巷道围岩复合应力变化,提出在巷道内利用锚杆应力计监测围岩复合压力拱应力变化方法,锚杆采用端部锚固结构,埋入深度超过围岩冒落带并施加预应力;根据监测数据分析围岩应力变化可分为递变式、突跳式、振荡式和复合式变化四种变化模式,利用多元回归及突变模型建立围岩应力变化的数学模型,以历史数据为基础,建立以围岩应力极限值、应力变化速率及突变模型势函数临界值为判据的围岩稳定性分析数学模型。 相似文献
682.
An environmental assessment of the management of organic household waste (OHW) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the waste-life cycle assessment (LCA) model EASEWASTE. The focus was on home composting of OHW in Denmark and six different home composting units (with different input and different mixing frequencies) were modelled. In addition, incineration and landfilling was modelled as alternatives to home composting. The most important processes contributing to the environmental impact of home composting were identified as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (load) and the avoided emissions in relation to the substitution of fertiliser and peat when compost was used in hobby gardening (saving). The replacement of fertiliser and peat was also identified as one of the most sensible parameters, which could potentially have a significant environmental benefit. Many of the impact categories (especially human toxicity via water (HTw) and soil (HTs)) were affected by the heavy metal contents of the incoming OHW. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were below the threshold values for compost used on land and were thus not considered to constitute a problem. The GHG emissions were, on the other hand, dependent on the management of the composting units. The frequently mixed composting units had the highest GHG emissions. The environmental profiles of the home composting scenarios were in the order of −2 to 16 milli person equivalents (mPE) Mg−1 wet waste (ww) for the non-toxic categories and −0.9 to 28 mPE Mg−1 ww for the toxic categories. Home composting performed better than or as good as incineration and landfilling in several of the potential impact categories. One exception was the global warming (GW) category, in which incineration performed better due to the substitution of heat and electricity based on fossil fuels. 相似文献
683.
Philippe Pieri 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(5):791-801
Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:
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- global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;
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- long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;
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- atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;
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- air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.
684.
江苏省饮用水水源地水质中富含有机物质,这类化合物种类多、浓度高,在色谱分析中,容易与痕量半挥发性有机毒物形成共流物,干扰分析。根据四极杆质谱检测器和离子阱质谱检测器的工作原理,建立了54种半挥发性有机物的选择性离子监测和2级质谱法监测方法,确定了选择性离子监测方法所选的离子范围,2级质谱法监测所选的母离子、CID电压,对比了选择性离子监测和2级质谱法监测的检测限。在此基础上初步建立了将两种质谱监测相结合的方法,该方法在实际样品分析中简便准确,可有效减少前处理工作。 相似文献
685.
选择连续四年产量20000kg·hm-2以上的高产田为研究对象,并以当地常规农田为对照,分析了秸秆还田条件下冬小麦-夏玉米高产轮作体系中养分平衡及环境风险特征。结果表明,高产田和常规农田的氮、磷、钾素在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中都有盈余,分别盈余130和202、122和162、315和119kg·hm-2。高产田氮素和磷素的盈余量小于常规农田,钾素盈余量高于常规农田。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的各生育期,高产田0~100cm土体硝态氮均存在大量累积,小麦季大于玉米季,高产田大于常规农田,存在较高的淋溶风险。土壤电导率均小于土壤盐渍化的临界值,尚未出现土壤盐渍化的现象。 相似文献
686.
687.
利用加速器质谱技术测定大气14CO2以示踪大气化石源CO2成为当前减污降碳工作的热点。该文从加速器质谱14C分析基础出发,系统介绍了加速器质谱的工作原理、大气样品的采集及纯化、石墨化样品的制备和测定,阐述了大气碳监测领域14 CO2测试的研究进展。随着加速器质谱技术的不断发展,大气14CO2的研究将会更加广泛和深入,有助于进一步认识大气化石源CO2的来源,更有针对性地开展减污降碳工作。未来应统一制定14CO2监测方法标准,规范操作流程和质控手段,完善实验仪器配套设施,加快提升监测能力和水平。 相似文献
688.
大气降尘量是重要的环境指标之一,可以较客观地反映和评价城市局部地区扬尘污染水平,对评价城市区域环境空气质量、分析大气污染来源和变化具有重要意义。国内外大气降尘监测普遍采用传统的手工监测方法,手工法因时效性差、效率低、能耗大、质控难、误差大等原因已不适应现代环境管理的需求。随着科技与网络的发展,自动监测方法成为发展趋势。文章主要阐述了上海市降尘自动监测技术的研发过程及实际应用,介绍了自主研发的降尘自动监测仪的原理、关键技术和系统组成。通过粉尘舱内实验、降尘自动监测方法与手工重量法比对测试及为期一年的试点应用,分析了降尘自动监测方法的精密度、准确度、相对误差及适用性,并探讨了降尘自动监测的应用前景。 相似文献
689.
690.