试论生物安全“入典”之立法选择与规范表达

环境法典编纂背景下,生物安全是否纳入环境法典成为亟待解决的现实问题。就生物安全的概念而言,国际法采用狭义概念,国内法采用广义概念,单从任一概念与环境法的关系判断,生物安全“入典”貌似成了伪命题。但生物安全概念的国际法与国内法差异中蕴含着生物多样性保护和维持生态系统可持续发展的概念内涵,在生物安全与环境法典之间建立起沟通的桥梁。目前,生物安全具体领域专门立法的缺失以及环境法典体系化的需求,决定了生物安全必须纳入环境法典。生物安全与环境保护之间的关联性以及现有的国内、国际立法,为生物安全纳入环境法典提供了可能。当下国内法规定的广义的生物安全概念决定了其无法全部纳入环境法典,只能筛选旨在保护生物多样性与生态平衡,属于环境法传统核心领域的生物安全事项,以嵌入的方式纳入自然生态保护编。环境法典无法涵盖的生物安全事项,宜设置引致条款指向单行法的规定。     

西安市某地下停车场细颗粒物浓度分布特征

为了解地下停车场细颗粒物分布特征,通过连续监测西安市某地下停车场不同位置细颗粒物小时浓度并采集PM2.5和PM10样品,计算各测点PM2.5和PM10日均浓度。同时对停车场出入口每小时的车流量进行统计,分析细颗粒物浓度与车流量之间的关系。结果表明:该停车场进出车辆具有明显的时间规律,工作日上班高峰期07:00—09:00出口车辆较多,17:00—21:00入口车辆较多,休息日出口峰值出现在09:00—12:00,入口高峰期出现在19:00—23:00,其余时段进出车辆较少。各测点PM2.5小时浓度值在0.004~0.477 mg/m3,平均为0.082 mg/m3,日平均浓度在0.043~0.090 mg/m3,平均为0.057 mg/m3,PM10日均值浓度为0.083~0.348 g/m3,平均为0.189 mg/m3。停车场出入口细颗粒物浓度与车流量之间呈现正相关性,颗粒物浓度在出入口和车流经过频繁的点位较高且细颗粒物所占比重较小(50%)。     

养猪废水和污泥中11种兽用抗生素的同时分析技术及其在生物降解过程的应用

优化了固相萃取与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用的分析条件,使之适用于检测长三角地区养猪废水和污泥中常见的11种兽用抗生素(包括4种四环素类、2种磺胺类、3种喹诺酮类和2种大环内酯类).该分析方法对养猪废水的平均加标回收率(n=3)为73.0%~105.2%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~10.2%;对污泥的平均加标回收率(n=3)为57.4%~104.6%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~10.9%.研究膜生物反应器中抗生素的浓度变化,发现废水中抗生素以四环素类和磺胺类为主,而污泥中以四环素类为主.反应器对废水中四环素类抗生素的去除率为85.2%,其中最主要的去除途径是生物分解(51.9%),其次是污泥吸附(33.2%);而磺胺类抗生素去除率为95.8%,几乎全部是依靠生物分解,污泥吸附很少.摇瓶实验结果显示,污泥中积累的抗生素未对活性污泥的有机物降解活性和硝化活性产生明显影响.     

MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定生物脱氮细菌的方法研究

采用基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)对生物脱氮废水处理系统中分离得到的两株细菌进行蛋白质质量指纹图谱分析。对供试细菌,比较样品处理方法和基质选择对细菌蛋白质质量指纹图谱的影响,获得优化的实验条件,并对方法的重现性进行了研究。建立了一种快速的细菌蛋白质质量指纹图谱鉴定方法。结果显示:该方法灵敏度高,且分析过程简单快速,具有广泛的开发和应用意义。     

某电厂水平衡试验及节水分析

对某电厂2×600 MW机组用水情况进行了水平衡测试,根据测试结果对该厂用水情况进行了分析评价,并提出了节水措施及建议.     

北京和保定地区大气细颗粒物中可培养细菌的种群特征

在北京城区和河北省保定郊区(望都),于2015年1月10~17日雾-霾时期,使用大气颗粒物采样器收集大气细颗粒物(PM2.5),比较了两地雾-霾时期PM2.5中可培养细菌的种群结构特征异同;使用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)观察PM2.5颗粒形态,利用后向轨迹模型NOAA/ARL HYSPLIT-4分析北京城区和保定郊区气团输送来源,采用离子色谱仪、流动分析仪和ICP-MS仪器监测PM2.5中主要水溶性离子和重金属元素含量.结果表明,北京城区和保定郊区分离得到的PM2.5可培养细菌为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和α-变形菌门(α-Proteobacteria)三大菌门,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势菌门;分离纯化鉴定出17种细菌,革兰氏阳性菌占90%以上;优势菌属为产芽孢的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),分别占北京城区(RCEES)和保定郊区(WD)PM2.5样品中可培养细菌百分比的68.15%和75%.北京城区和保定郊区PM2.5中可培养细菌种群结构特征可能受到PM2.5理化性质和气团传输的影响.     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

浅谈烟气分析仪的在线校准

在分析烟气分析仪传统校准方式存在缺陷的基础上,通过引入质谱仪作为高精度的参考标准,对固定污染源排放监测系统中的烟气分析仪进行在线校准,以保证烟气分析仪的测量准确性,从而实现烟气的真正不间断测量。     

The convective hot air drying of Lactuca sativa slices

The storage of fresh agricultural products is not easy because of its high moisture. Dehydration is an efficient preservation method. The investigation of drying modeling and transfer characteristics are important for selecting operating conditions and equipment design. The drying behavior of Lactuca sativa slices, with the thickness of 2 mm, was investigated at 60.0–80.0°C and 0.60–1.04 m sec^?1 velocity in a convective hot air drier. The mass transfer during the drying process was described using six thin drying models. The convective heat transfer coefficient α and mass transfer coefficient k_H were finally calculated. The results showed that the drying process could be separated into three stages including accelerating rate, constant rate, and falling rate period, which was influenced by hot air temperature and velocity, and the Modi?ed Page model agreed well with the experimental data. When the operating temperature was increased from 60.0°C to 80.0°C, α was found increased from 88.07 to 107.93 W·m^?2·K^?1, and k_H increased from 46.32 × 10^–3 to 68.04 × 10^–3 kg·m^?2·sec^?1·ΔH^?1. With the increase of air velocity from 0.60 to 1.04 m·sec^?1, α was increased from 78.85 to 101.35 W·m^?2·K^?1, and k_H was enhanced from 51.78 × 10^–3 to 65.85 × 10^–3 kg·m^?2·sec^?1·ΔH^?1.     

A VUV photoionization mass spectrometric study on the OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene with synchrotron radiation

The gas-phase organic compounds resulting from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene have been investigated on-line by VUV photoionization mass spectrometry based on synchrotron radiation for the first time. The photoionization efficiency curves of the corresponding gaseous products as well as the chosen standards have been deduced by gating the interested peaks in the photoionization mass spectra while scanning the photon energy simultaneously, which permits the identification of the pivotal gaseous products of the photooxidation of isoprene, such as formaldehyde (10.84 eV), formic acid (11.38 eV), acetone (9.68 eV), glyoxal (9.84 eV), acetic acid (10.75 eV), methacrolein (9.91 eV), and methyl vinyl ketone (9.66 eV). Proposed reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of these key products were discussed, which were completely consistent with the previous works of different groups. The capability of synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry to directly identify the chemical composition of the gaseous products in a simulation chamber has been demonstrated, and its potential application in related studies of atmospheric oxidation of ambient volatile organic compounds is anticipated.