农林复合生态系统氮素平衡及其评价

农业生态系统中养分的平衡状况及其合理性评价，是探讨农业生产和环境变化的前提和基础。选择三峡库区上游川中丘陵区一典型农林复合生态系统，依据系统养分循环概念模型，进行了农田和林地定位监测、耕地和盆钵模拟试验以及参与式农户调查等，研究系统的氮素各收入支出参数，计算系统的氮素平衡并对平衡合理性进行评价。结果表明，本复合生态系统旱地和整个农田子系统氮素略有盈余，盈亏量分别为56.1 kg/hm2·a和42 kg/hm\2·a，实际盈亏率为10.4%和8.2%；而水稻田和复合系统有少量亏缺，盈亏量分别为-13.21 kg/hm2·a和-37.5 kg/hm2·a，实际盈亏率分别为为-3.2%和-7.8%；林地亏缺较大，盈亏量为-165.9 kg/hm2·a，实际盈亏率为-39.2%。模型计算的允许盈亏率（旱地23.4%，水稻田-37.2%）评价表明，旱地和水稻田目前的氮素平衡基本上是合理的。与1960s系统氮平衡比较，可以看到林地在减少水土流失、促进养分的合理循环方面发挥了重要作用，应受到充分的重视。     

THE WATER BALANCE IN NEWFOUNDLAND1

ABSTRACT: Due to the lack of instrumentally obtained data on evaporation in Newfoundland, and the underrepresentation of precipitation values an accurate assessment of the water balance of the Province is not possible at this time. The various existent assessments of PE and AE are reviewed and water surplus of the Island is calculated.     

Phosphorus loss from different farming systems estimated from soil surface phosphorus balance

The phosphorus load originating from crop production and animal husbandry is a major contributor to the eutrophication of lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The P losses to surface waters may, however, differ drastically due to the diversity of agricultural production systems practised under contrasting environmental conditions. To assess the most problematic types of agriculture, we need information on the P load from different alternative farming practices. Such information cannot, however, be obtained solely from field runoff experiments, as the number of treatment combinations required to account for all relevant farming systems and environmental conditions far exceeds our research capabilities. To facilitate the comparison of P loads, we therefore need reasonably simple models. A key factor controlling the P load from agriculture is the past and present use of nutrients in fertilizers and manure in relation to a crop's uptake, i.e. the soil-surface balance of P. Here, we present a simple empirical model that relates the P surplus (or deficit) in a farm to the edge-of-field losses of algal-available P. Based on long-term fertilizer trials, the model first estimates the change in soil-test P of top soil with the aid of the soil-surface balance of P. Soil-test P is then used to approximate the concentration of dissolved reactive P in surface runoff and drainage flow, as adjusted for different P application types. The loss of particulate P is obtained from typical erosion rates. The model can be applied in life-cycle analyses and in assessing future developments. We illustrate use of the model by calculating the loss of algal-available P from conventional and organic crop and dairy farms located on clay and fine sand soils.     

降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系研究

关于降水中离子浓度与pH值关系问题的研究多是基于降水化学数据的统计分析。从酸碱平衡理论出发 ,在电中性方程的基础上 ,建立了降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系式。结果表明 ,该式具有普适性 ,是反映多种离子综合作用的重要参数。用公式对 50组降水化学数据做了计算分析 ,结果表明 ,降水离子浓度与 pH值的关系研究应考虑足够多的离子种类 ,降水化学数据也应满足 :( 1 )离子平衡值等于或接近 1 .0 ;( 2 )ΔC的正负号与 pH值范围的关系协调一致。可作为降水化学数据是否准确、合理的判据     

环境样品中PCBs的测定

本文详细地介绍了应用 ＧＣ／ＭＳ或ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ测定环境样品样中 ＰＣＢＳ的分析方法及样品前处理的方法，并给出了 ３０个行政检查样品的测定结果。     

土地人口承载量研究中的几个问题

土地人口承载量研究是协调国民经济发展的重要内容。在这项以土地第一性生产为基础的多层次研究中,土地资源数量与开发利用前景是人口承载量的基础,同时亦应把保持良好生态系统作为估算土地人口承载量的前提条件。人口承载量也是一个受时间、环境条件制约的变量,所以必须考虑技术经济因素进步对提高土地生产力与人口负荷量的影响。为了取得土地人口承载量与社会协调发展,应采取控制人口,提高土地生产力,开拓新的土地利用领域,建立合理的人口流动方案与区际间的协调发展平衡。     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

复合式绿化林带在港区边界噪声防治中的应用

通过理论及实际研究复合式绿化林带降噪效果，设想通过在港区边界种植复合式绿化林带来解决港区噪声超标的问题，同时起到保护和保持生态平衡的作用。     

烟道内冲灰水喷雾烟气脱硫过程中传热传质的数值研究

通过数值建模研究了各项参数对喷雾反应段内吸收效率的影响，重点考察了雾滴初始粒径、雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比对吸收效率的影响。研究表明，雾滴初始粒径、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比是影响吸收效率的重要因素，而雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度对吸收效率的影响不大。     

热重分析(TG)与质谱分析(MS)联用技术在环境领域应用前景分析

简要介绍了热分析技术发展的一个重要方向--热重-质谱联用技术(TG-MS),在阐述TG-MS的发展历史和联用技术的基础上介绍了国内外科学家利用TG-MS技术在环境保护领域取得的研究成果,并展望了该技术的应用前景.