京津冀与长三角区域大气NO2污染特征

基于地面监测及遥感反演数据,研究了京津冀与长三角区域大气NO2污染特征,并进行了对比分析.从2005～2011年的平均近地面质量浓度和垂直柱浓度来看,京津冀与长三角中心城市大气NO2基本处于同一污染水平;其区域背景站的NO2浓度也差异不大,且与两大区域过渡地带的合肥市大致相同.区域NO2高浓度中心夏季较为分散,秋冬季高浓度范围明显扩大,冬季全部连为一片.近年来随着中心城区污染企业的外迁,北京、上海等城市核心区NO2近地面污染有所缓解,但区域背景站NO2近地面浓度和垂直柱浓度都有所升高,京津冀与长三角NO2整体污染水平形势依旧严峻.从区域分布看,北京、上海等城市NO2浓度较高,NO2柱浓度高出区域背景的50%左右,大约是欧亚大陆背景水平的3倍;近地面NO2浓度地域差异更大,北京、上海等中心城市NO2近地面质量浓度是城市清洁区的2倍,是区域背景的10倍以上,达欧亚大陆背景站瓦里关的上千倍.北京奥运及上海世博等大型活动之前及期间大气污染集中整治效果较为明显,但活动结束后,城市大气NO2污染都出现反弹.结果表明,区域空气质量的持续改善需要区域内各省市常抓不懈的联防联控,仅靠短期内运动式的污染治理难以从根本上解决大气环境问题.     

基于船载走航气溶胶质谱技术的海洋气溶胶研究

利用船载走航单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对东南沿海海洋气溶胶进行在线观测,获得了近岸海区大气气溶胶化学组成分布特性,并对气溶胶谱特征及其来源进行分析.结果表明:从近岸到远海,气溶胶的浓度呈下降趋势;在近岸海区气溶胶主要受港口及码头周边的汽车、船舶及燃煤等工业排放源的影响;随着离陆地距离的增加,海源性气溶胶的比重上升;海洋气溶胶在观测范围内呈单峰分布,峰值粒径在0.5μm左右,大多数颗粒主要集中在0.2~0.8μm的粒径段;近岸气溶胶元素碳谱峰强,正谱图中K~+元素具有很强的谱峰,负离子谱中HSO_4~-谱峰信号明显,但缺少NO_3~-和NO_2~-谱峰信号;远海气溶胶中元素碳的谱峰强度明显降低,正谱图中Na~+的谱峰很强,并出现Mg~+、Ca~+和NaCl~+的谱峰信号;负离子谱出现了明显的海洋生物特征气溶胶甲基磺酸MSA~-、CN~-、O~-和HSO_4~-等的谱峰信息.表明该观测海区的气溶胶组成复杂,同时受陆源排放气溶胶和海源气溶胶的影响.     

An optimized two-step derivatization method for analyzing diethylene glycol ozonation products using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

The ozonation of hydroxyl compounds(e.g., sugars and alcohols) gives a broad range of products such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. This study developed and optimized a two-step derivatization procedure for analyzing polar products of aldehydes and carboxylic acids from the ozonation of diethylene glycol(DEG) in a non-aqueous environment using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Experiments based on Central Composite Design with response surface methodology were carried out to evaluate the effects of derivatization variables and their interactions on the analysis. The most desirable derivatization conditions were reported, i.e., oximation was performed at room temperature overnight with the o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxyl amine to analyte molar ratio of 6, silylation reaction temperature of 70°C, reaction duration of 70 min, and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide volume of 12.5 μL. The applicability of this optimized procedure was verified by analyzing DEG ozonation products in an ultrafine condensation particle counter simulation system.     

30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的为30CrMnSiA高强钢的大气腐蚀防护设计、应用范围扩展和开发新钢种提供有益的借鉴和参考。方法采用腐蚀质量损失、XRD和SEM研究了30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境暴露60个月的大气腐蚀行为。结果 30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中腐蚀质量损失随暴露时间变化的双对数函数分别是lgΔw=2.245+0.387lg t和lgΔw=2.822+0.637lg t。纤铁矿和针铁矿是两种大气环境中形成的腐蚀锈层的主要成分,除了纤铁矿和针铁矿外,在海洋大气环境形成的锈层中还发现了四方纤铁矿。随着暴露时间的延长,在海洋大气环境中形成的锈层呈现逐渐剥落的趋势。结论 30CrMnSiA高强钢在海洋大气环境中表现出较高的腐蚀敏感性,在工业大气环境中表现出较低的腐蚀敏感性。     

自动固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定饮用水源地水中有机氯农药的研究

建立了自动固相萃取-气相色谱质谱仪测定饮用水源地水体中8种痕量有机氯农药的检测法.采用Supelclean ENVI-18固相萃取柱以10 mL/min流速富集500 mL水样,再依次用7.5 mL乙酸乙酯和10 mL二氯甲烷进行洗脱.8种物质在0.188 mg/L~2.04 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均在0.997以上;检出限为0.011μg/L~0.034μg/L;实际水样加标回收率为82.9%~103%,相对标准偏差为0.7%~8.3%.该方法自动化程度高、检出限低、灵敏度高、结果准确,适用于饮用水源地水体中痕量有机氯农药的测定.     

典型煤化工企业硫代谢特征及其质量平衡

针对煤化工行业排放数据,不同来源数据存在较大差异,社会各界对其真实性、准确性存在诸多质疑,因而有必要从新的角度对排放统计数据进行评估.选取某典型煤化工企业,采用物料平衡方法核算了该企业硫代谢通量,探讨了其代谢特征,核算结果清晰显示了该企业硫的主要来源和去向,为减排及政策制定提供了科学依据.该企业2014年硫输入输出基本平衡,平衡项表征的统计误差在可接受范围内,误差产生原因包括原料含硫系数不稳定、固废含硫系数缺失、废气监测难度大,成分复杂等.不同来源SO_2排放量对比分析显示,排污申报数据略高于基准核算值,后评估数据偏小,而环境统计数据远大于基准值.数据的真实性与准确性有待提高;不同层次、不同部门统计方法有待完善及统一;无组织排放是重要的硫输出途径,不容忽视.     

邯郸市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)在线监测研究

对2015年3月—2016年2月邯郸市大气中的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)进行了在线监测,探讨了其质量浓度的变化特征,并分析了其质量浓度与风速、风向的关系。结果表明:邯郸市颗粒物质量浓度水平较高,β射线吸收法所监测的PM_(10_WET)、PM_(2.5_WET)和PM_(1.0_WET)年均浓度值分别为202.5,114.8,81.1μg/m~3,PM_(2.5_DRY)/PM_(10_WET)和PM_(2.5_WET)/PM_(10_WET)分别为0.58、0.70,PM_(1_DRY)/PM_(2.5_WET)和PM_(1_WET)/PM_(2.5_WET)分别为0.58、0.71,PM_(2.5)为PM_(10)中的主要组成,PM_(1.0)为PM_(2.5)中的主要组成。邯郸市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)质量浓度冬季最高;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)日变化峰值为上午09:00左右,谷值为下午16:00左右,扬沙、降雨,霾和春节不同条件下PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)差异明显。邯郸市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)的浓度高值主要分布在风向0°~100°和175°~225°、风速小于1 m/s的情况下。     

Dynamic material flow analysis of steel resources in Korea

Material flow analysis (MFA) is an evaluation technique that systematically identifies the flows and stocks of materials within predefined spatial and temporal boundaries. In this paper, the steel resources in Korea are investigated using dynamic MFA. Iron ore and steel scrap are added as raw material components during the production processes of steel, which is then used in a variety of product groups such as construction products, transportation equipment, machinery/metal products, electrical/electronic devices, and other products through fabrication and manufacturing processes. When such product groups are discarded, they are either recycled or landfilled. With consideration for the lifetimes of various product groups in conjunction with steel resource flows in Korea, dynamic MFA is conducted on the flows of steel stock change and annual scrap generation. By 2020, these two flows are expected to increase by as much as 40% and 30%, respectively, compared to 2008, with transportation equipment, in particular, envisaged to experience high growth. At the current recycling rate, however, it will be hard to meet future scrap demand. According to the scenario analysis, 100% of this future scrap demand can be supplied domestically if the recycling rate is increased to over 70% for all product groups, except construction products and transportation equipment, which already have high recycling rates. By 2020, the reduction in scrap importation costs is projected to offer a financial gain of 2.3 billion dollars.     

Food web structure and trophic interactions of the tropical highland lake Hayq, Ethiopia

We generated a mass-balance model to figure out the food web structure and trophic interactions of the major functional groups of the Ethiopian highland Lake Hayq. Moreover, the study lay down a baseline data for future ecosystem-based investigations and management activities. Extensive data collection has been taken place between October 2007 and May 2009. Ecotrophic efficiency (EE) of several functional groups including phytoplankton (0.8) and detritus (0.85) was high indicating the utilization of the groups within the system. However, the EE of Mesocyclops (0.03) and Thermocyclops (0.30) was very low implying these resources were rather a ‘sink’ in the trophic hierarchy. Flows based on aggregated trophic level sensu Lindeman revealed the importance of both phytoplankton and detritus to higher trophic levels. The computed average transfer efficiency of 11.5% for the first four trophic levels was within the range for highly efficient African lakes. The primary production to respiration (P/R) ratio (1.05) of Lake Hayq indicates the maturity of the ecosystem. We also modeled the food-web by excluding Tilapia and reduced phytoplankton biomass to get insight into the mass balance before Tilapia was introduced. The analysis resulted in a lower system omnivory index (SOI = 0.016) and a reduced P/R ratio (0.13) that described the lake as immature ecosystem, suggesting the introduction of Tilapia might have contributed to the maturity of the lake. Tilapia in Lake Hayq filled an ecological empty niche of pelagic planktivores, and contributed for the better transfer efficiency observed from primary production to fish yield.     

Prediction of germination rates of weed species: Relationships between germination speed parameters and species traits

In fields, the timing of weed emergence flushes is mostly related to the timing and rate of seed germination, which depend on seed dormancy level, soil temperature and water potential conditions as well as soil tillage and crop sowing date. Seed germination parameters are essential in weed dynamics models to account for the effects of soil conditions on weed demography. Since these parameters are difficult to measure, our objective was to test the possibility of estimating them from easily accessible information. Seed germination parameters (germination lag-time, time to mid-germination and mid-germination rate) were measured or collected from the literature for 25 weed species with contrasted seed characteristics. Correlations were then searched for between these parameters and morphological, chemical and physiological seed traits as well as seed dormancy level. The dormancy level was positively correlated with speed of germination parameters. Earliness of germination was positively correlated with seed lipid content and the seed area to mass ratio. Germination was also earlier and faster in species with a high base temperature for germination. These relationships explained about half the observed variability in germination speed parameters but should be further tested before being used to predict the germination behaviour of weed species in the field in different seasons.