基于均匀分布的滑坡数值模拟参数取值概率研究--以甘肃黑方台黄土滑坡为例

针对数值模拟参数选取主观性强、量化难度大的问题,在高精度无人机地形数据的基础上,通过对11起滑坡案例进行了407组参数反演实验,对结果准确度定量评价后,得到基于Massflow数值软件关键参数λ0的分布范围,进而运用小样本极大似然估计理论,分析区间边界长度对反演精度的影响,最终提出基于均匀分布的参数取值概率模型,并选用案例验证该模型的准确性。结果表明:地形约束会导致反演过程中所需的内聚力减小,反演获得的11组最优λ0的极差和方差分别为0.29、0.01,在置信度为95%下,极大似然法得到区间边界估计长度仅为0.0998,表明参数λ收敛性较好;反演过程中质心滑动距离ψ准确度优于堆积面积重叠率η,在λ0±0.05的范围,参数估计区间内任意值对模拟误差影响较小,评价指标ψ、η与λ0对应案例的相对误差不超过15%;所选案例验证了在置信度为95%下,以反演得到的最优参数区间边界中点构建概率分布函数的可行性和准确性,研究方法可为单体滑坡数值模拟风险评价提供理论支撑。     

基于轮廓似然函数的PM_(10)极值浓度分析

以R软件为分析工具,选择GEV(generalized extreme value distribution)模型拟合四川省泸州市2003～2007年期间PM10每月最高日平均浓度数据,采用极大似然法估计模型的3个参数即位置参数、尺度参数、形状参数,利用所得的参数估计值计算得出某一标准值(如GB3095—1996)的重现期;进一步利用参数估计值计算轮廓似然函数,估计某一段固定时间间隔的PM10浓度的重现值以及其置信区间。结果表明,GEV模型能很好地拟合泸州市PM10数据,利用轮廓似然函数估计的不同时间间隔的重现值准确度高,统计结果可以为环境主管部门发布污染状况预警信息提供参考。     

基于正交实验的面粉爆炸特性研究

为探究面粉爆炸实验中粉尘质量浓度、点火能量、点火延迟时间对面粉爆炸的影响,采用正交实验法并利用20 L球形爆炸测试装置比较研究了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间以及点火能对面粉爆炸的影响程度.结果表明:对最大爆炸压力影响最为显著的因素是点火延迟时间,对最大爆炸指数影响最为显著的因素是粉尘质量浓度;在实验浓度范围内,存在最佳实...     

Cyanide Removal by Chinese Vegetation. Quantification of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (6 pp)

Background Little is known about metabolism rates of environmental chemicals by vegetation. A good model compound to study the variation of rates among plant species is cyanide. Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Knowledge of the kinetic parameters, the half-saturation constant (Km) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax), is very useful for enzyme characterization and biochemical purposes. The goal of this study is to find the enzyme kinetics (KM and vmax) during cyanide metabolism in the presence of Chinese vegetation, to provide quantitative data for engineered phytoremediation, and to investigate the variation of metabolic rates of plants. Methods Detached leaves (1.0 g fresh weight) from 12 species out of 9 families were kept in glass vessels with 100 mL of aqueous solution spiked with potassium cyanide at 23°C for 28 h. Four different treatment concentrations of cyanide were used, ranging from 0.44 to 7.69 mg CN/L. The disappearance of cyanide from the aqueous solution was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Realistic values of the half-saturation constant (KM) and the maximum metabolic capacity (vmax) were estimated by a computer program using non-linear regression treatments. As a comparison, Lineweaver-Burk plots were also used to estimate the kinetic parameters. Results and Discussion The values obtained for KM and vmax varied with plant species. Using non-linear regression treatments, values of vmax and KM were found in a range between 6.68 and 21.91 mg CN/kg/h and 0.90 to 3.15 mg CN/L, respectively. The highest vmax was by Chinese elder (Sambucus chinensis), followed by upright hedge-parsley (Torilis japonica). The lowest vmax was demonstrated by the hybrid willow (Salix matssudana x alba). However, the highest KM was found in the water lily (Nymphea teragona), followed by the poplar (Populus deltoides Marsh). The lowest KM was demonstrated by corn (Zea mays L.). The values of vmax were normally distributed with a mean of 13 mg CN/kg/h. Conclusions Significant removal of cyanide from aqueous solution was observed in the presence of plant materials without phytotoxicity, even at high doses of cyanide. This gives rise to the conclusion that the Chinese plant species used in this study are all able to efficiently metabolize cyanide, although with different maximum metabolic capacities. A second conclusion is that the variation of metabolism rates between species is small. All these plants had a similar KM, indicating the same enzyme is active in all plants. Recommendations and Outlook Detoxification of cyanide with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. For phytoremediation projects, screening appropriate plant species adapted to local conditions should be seriously considered. More chemicals should be investigated to find common principles of the metabolism of environmental chemicals by plants.     

Evaluation of pliers’ grip spans in the maximum gripping task and sub-maximum cutting task

A total of 25 males participated to investigate the effects of the grip spans of pliers on the total grip force, individual finger forces and muscle activities in the maximum gripping task and wire-cutting tasks. In the maximum gripping task, results showed that the 50-mm grip span had significantly higher total grip strength than the other grip spans. In the cutting task, the 50-mm grip span also showed significantly higher grip strength than the 65-mm and 80-mm grip spans, whereas the muscle activities showed a higher value at 80-mm grip span. The ratios of cutting force to maximum grip strength were also investigated. Ratios of 30.3%, 31.3% and 41.3% were obtained by grip spans of 50-mm, 65-mm, and 80-mm, respectively. Thus, the 50-mm grip span for pliers might be recommended to provide maximum exertion in gripping tasks, as well as lower maximum-cutting force ratios in the cutting tasks.     

小波熵去噪在微差爆破延时精确识别中的应用

在小波熵去噪理论的基础上,对实际隧道爆破工程采集到的爆破振动信号进行了小波熵方法去噪。利用db8小波对去噪后的信号在尺度a=16进行了连续小波变换得到其模极大值,准确识别了隧道多段别微差爆破实际延期时间间隔,并验证了小波熵方法去噪的可靠性。结果表明,小波熵去噪方法能够有效滤除和抑制爆破振动非线性信号所夹杂的高频噪声分量,并且很好地保留了爆破振动信号的突变细节。对滤波后的信号进行模极大值变换,信号局部奇异点的辨识更准确,可以精确识别隧道微差爆破延时间隔。     

基于人工神经网络的气体泄爆最大超压预测研究

为解决传统经验公式在预测气体泄爆中最大超压出现时的较大偏差或过于保守的问题,提出使用人工神经网络预测气体泄爆最大超压。基于124组实验数据,采用BP与RBF神经网络,通过优化算法计算与迭代循环对泄爆样本中的影响因素进行降维与选择,并确定2类神经网络本身在学习与计算气体泄爆样本时的相关参数。结果表明:PCA（主成分分析法）在当前样本条件下的降维效果较差,而通过迭代对比确认气体泄爆样本中的5类特征全部保留时神经网络的训练模拟效果最好;通过对124组实验数据进行随机挑选训练集与测试集的训练模拟结果发现,神经网络对气体泄爆中最大超压的预测效果较好;通过对比Molkov提出的和经Fakandu等改进的NFPA 68经验公式以及2类神经网络的预测结果表明,神经网络相比于传统气体泄爆经验公式具有明显优势。     

长江流域近50年来的气温变化特征

分析了1951~2000年长江流域（上、中、下游）的平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温随时间的变化趋势特征。结果表明：长江流域近50年来年平均气温、年平均日最低气温、年平均日最高气温在20世纪50年代明显偏高,60~80年代波动下降,80年代中后期以后有所上升,90年代较80年代增温0.3℃~0.6℃之间;同时不同季节、不同区域气温呈现不同的态势,冬季平均气温、平均日最低气温在60年代以后呈上升趋势,而平均日最高气温呈下降趋势,夏季平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温均以降温为主。     

纵向风对隧道火灾拱顶最高温度及其位置的影响

研究了燃烧风洞内不同纵向风速、不同火源功率条件下,隧道近火源区顶部温度沿纵向分布情况。结果表明,纵向风对不同尺寸火源条件下的顶部温度的影响呈不同特征。对较小尺寸火源,隧道顶部温升随风速增加而减小至稳定值;而对较大尺寸火源,顶部温升随风速增加先增加后减小。对于矩形火源,当纵向风较小(0.5~1.5m/s)时,长边平行于纵向风时顶部最高温升大于长边垂直于纵向风的情况;而当纵向风较大(≥2 m/s)时,两种油盘放置方式的顶部最高温升一致。纵向风作用下,顶部最高温升位置向下游呈现"两次移动"特征,即随着纵向风速增加该位置先向下游移动,当风速达到某一值时,隧道拱顶的加热机制由对流和辐射共同主控转变为辐射单独主控,最高温升位置突变回到上游后再次逐渐向下游移动。     

Stand-alone wind power system with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage

This paper presents a stand-alone wind power system with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage. A stand-alone wind power system mainly consists of a wind turbine, a permanent magnet synchronous generator, hybrid energy storage devices based on a vanadium redox flow battery and a supercapacitor, an AC/DC converter, two bidirectional DC/DC converters, a DC/AC converter and a variable load. Several control strategies for the stand-alone wind power system are involved such as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control, a vanadium redox flow battery charge/discharge control and a supercapacitor charge/discharge control. The proposed MPPT control combines a sliding mode control with an extreme search control to capture maximum wind energy. This strategy avoids the necessity of measuring wind velocity, obtaining models or parameters of the wind turbine and calculating the differentials of the power generated from the wind power system and from the speed of the generator. The battery charge/discharge control maintains a constant DC bus voltage. When the battery charging/discharging current reaches the setting threshold, the charge/discharge control of the supercapacitor is triggered to limit the charging/discharging current of the battery. The simulation results show that the proposed method can rapidly respond to variations in wind velocity and load power.