某校区路面径流污染特性和控制措施的研究

以某校区的水体（A水库、B湖）为受纳水体,对降雨产生的路面径流及A水库和B湖水体进行采样,水质分析项目分别为pH、COD（化学需氧量）、SS（悬浮物）、TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）。以COD、SS作为主要的水质分析项目进行比较分析,确定路面降雨径流污染的主要特征,径流污染对校园水库、湖泊水质的影响。经过比较分析,提出采用植被控制法作为该校区路面径流污染控制措施对受纳水体进行保护。     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

Evaluation of SWAT Impoundment Modeling Methods in Water and Sediment Simulations

Worldwide studies show 80%–90% of all sediments eroded from watersheds is trapped within river networks such as reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands. To represent the impact of impoundments on sediment routing in watershed modeling, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) developers recommend to model reservoirs, ponds, and wetlands using impoundment tools (ITs). This study evaluates performance of SWAT ITs in the modeling of a small, agricultural watershed dominated by lakes and wetlands. The study demonstrates how to incorporate impoundments into the SWAT model, and discusses and evaluates involved parameters. The study then recommends an appropriate calibration sequence, i.e., landscape parameters calibration, followed by pond/wetlands calibration, then channel parameter calibrations, and lastly, reservoir parameter calibration. Results of this study demonstrate not following SWAT recommendation regarding modeling water land use as an impoundment depreciates SWAT performance, and may lead to misplaced calibration efforts and model over‐calibration. Further, the chosen method to model impoundments’ outflow significantly impacts sediment loads in the watershed, while streamflow simulation is not very sensitive. This study also allowed calculation of mass accumulation rates in modeled impoundments where the annual mass accumulation rate in wetlands (2.3 T/ha/yr) was 39% higher than mass accumulation rate in reservoirs (1.4 T/ha/yr).     

潮白河流域1980—2013年平均水平衡特征研究

论文采用潮河、白河流域1980—2013年间气象、水文资料,基于水热耦合模型方法,分析了潮河、白河流域水循环要素相应于不同土地覆被类型结构变化和水平衡的特征。通过对未来10 a流域下垫面状况的预估,预测了未来变化环境条件下流域径流量的变化情况。研究对预测潮白河流域水资源变化特征、确保密云水库水资源安全具有重要意义。研究结果显示:该模型在潮、白河流域适用;在现有下垫面资料的基础上,利用林地面积和草地流域下垫面参数相结合的方法,对潮河流域和白河流域未来下垫面的变化分别做出了11种预测情景,并在11种情景的基础上预测两流域的未来10 a径流变化,结果显示潮河流域的径流深在26.47~53.55mm范围内波动,而白河流域的径流深在17.57~41.53 mm范围内变动。研究的创新点为,在对未来下垫面状况预测的基础上,利用水热耦合模型预测流域未来的可能径流状况。     

不同后处理器对DMCC发动机PM排放的影响

在一台整车排放达到国Ⅲ标准的YC4D140电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上加装甲醇喷射系统,改成柴油甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机.使用AVL 415S烟度计和DMS 500快速颗粒物光谱仪研究不同后处理器对DMCC发动机颗粒物(PM)排放的影响.试验结果表明,各工况下单独CDPF、DOC+CDPF基本可以消除发动机产生的干炭烟.DOC+CDPF后处理方式与单独CDPF相比,颗粒物捕集效率明显提高,且前者对颗粒物中核态部分的捕集效果更加突出.甲醇掺烧后,炭烟和颗粒物几何平均直径降低.经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,415S烟度计测得的炭烟进一步降低;DMS颗粒物光谱仪显示的颗粒物粒径,因其中核态部分大部被氧化捕集而仅余较大几何平均直径的部分.小负荷时经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,颗粒物的几何平均直径会增大,大负荷时则相反.各工况下相比于CDPF,DOC+CDPF对核态颗粒物捕集更有效.     

Climate Sensitivity of Phosphorus Loadings to an Urban Stream

We investigate the sensitivity of phosphorus loading (mass/time) in an urban stream to variations in climate using nondimensional sensitivity, known as elasticity, methods commonly used by economists and hydrologists. Previous analyses have used bivariate elasticity methods to represent the general relationship between nutrient loading and a variable of interest, but such bivariate relations cannot reflect the complex multivariate nonlinear relationships inherent among nutrients, precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. Using fixed‐effect multivariate regression methods, we obtain two phosphorus models (nonparametric and parametric) for an urban stream with high explanatory power that can both estimate phosphorus loads and the elasticity of phosphorus loading to changes in precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. A case study demonstrates total phosphorus loading depends significantly on season, rainfall, combined sewer overflow events, and flow rate, yet the elasticity of total phosphorus to all these factors remains relatively constant throughout the year. The elasticity estimates reported here can be used to examine how nutrient loads may change under future climate conditions.     

煤粒筛分现象与粒度分布特性的试验研究

在求解煤的物性参数时,为探究煤粒平均粒径对参数求解的影响,以5种不同粒级的煤粒为研究对象,系统研究筛分现象和粒度分布;以煤粒瓦斯扩散系数求解为例,分析算术平均值、体积加权平均体积粒径对计算结果的影响.研究结果表明:煤颗粒在筛分过程中会出现特殊分选现象,目标粒级粒度分布仅占真实粒度分布的33.37％～49.32％;算术平...     

Density estimation using ranked-set sampling data

The ranked-set sampling (RSS) is applicable in practical problems where the variable of interest for an observed item is costly or time-consuming but the ranking of a set of items according to the variable can be easily done without actual measurement. In the context of RSS, the need for density estimation arises in certain statistical procedures. The density estimation also has its own interest. In this article, we develop a method for the density estimation using RSS data. We derive the properties of the resulted density estimate and compare it with its counterpart in simple random sampling (SRS). It is shown that the density estimate using RSS data provides a better estimate of the density than the usual density estimate using SRS data. The density estimate developed in this article can well serve various purposes in the context of RSS.     

北京大气中BTEX的观测分析与研究

采用二步深冷浓缩与气相色谱/质谱联机对北京大气中的苯类物质(BTEX) 进行了长期连续观测.最近4年观测数据表明:日变化有双峰和3峰变化,冬、春季呈现与交通高峰期吻合的双峰变化,即上午08:00至10:00和下午17:00前后各出现一个高值;秋季日变化中,夜间22:00出现第3峰值;夏季日变化呈3峰型,最大峰值在正午前后.2000～2002年BTEX月平均总浓度为(44.1±24.5) nmol/mol(碳单位),季变化峰值出现在夏季.年际变化趋势中,北京大气BTEX的总平均浓度从 1999 年到2002年大幅度下降.     

长江流域近50年来的气温变化特征

分析了1951~2000年长江流域（上、中、下游）的平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温随时间的变化趋势特征。结果表明：长江流域近50年来年平均气温、年平均日最低气温、年平均日最高气温在20世纪50年代明显偏高,60~80年代波动下降,80年代中后期以后有所上升,90年代较80年代增温0.3℃~0.6℃之间;同时不同季节、不同区域气温呈现不同的态势,冬季平均气温、平均日最低气温在60年代以后呈上升趋势,而平均日最高气温呈下降趋势,夏季平均气温、平均日最低气温、平均日最高气温均以降温为主。