哈尔滨市城乡居民生活消费的环境压力分析

论文用生态足迹理论和方法,定量研究哈尔滨市城乡居民食物、生活用品、生活用能、水资源、住区和生活污染等6类消费项的环境压力,为引导城市化发展和城乡居民建立可持续消费模式提供科学依据。结果显示,1985～2003年哈尔滨市人均生活消费的环境压力不断增大,并在此期间超过生态承载力,产生生态赤字。城镇居民生活消费及各分项足迹均大于农村居民,差距呈加大趋势。在消费构成上,城镇和农村居民的食物消费足迹最大,2003年两者分别为1.054hm²/人和0.711hm²/人,城镇人均动物性食物消费数量显著大于农村,是其食物足迹较大的主要原因;在生态空间占用上,耕地占用面积最大,城乡居民分别为0.947hm²/人和0.700hm²/人,分别占其总足迹的58.7%和73.4%。研究表明,城镇化发展和消费升级将进一步加大区域环境压力。     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

AAO工艺低氧条件下的运行及其模拟

利用厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)工艺探讨了在好氧池低溶解氧(DO)浓度条件下的水质指标变化情况.结果表明,当好氧池DO浓度从2.00 mg·L~(-1)降低到1.00 mg·L~(-1)和0.50 mg·L~(-1)时,系统仍然具有良好的除磷脱氮效果,出水水质指标均满足我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A标准.在此基础上,基于Bio Win 4.1软件建立了AAO工艺的活性污泥模型,对模型参数进行了灵敏度分析,并利用动态模拟对模型参数中的聚磷菌吸收乙酸或丙酸的聚羟基烷酸(PHA)产率系数(YP/PHA,seq)、聚磷菌好氧氧化PHA的储磷率(YP/PHA,aerobic)、氨氧化菌的最大单位生长速率(μmax,A)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的最大单位生长速率(μmax,N)进行了校验.此外,对系统的曝气能耗进行了模拟评估,结果表明,与好氧池DO浓度为2.00 mg·L~(-1)时相比,好氧池DO浓度为1.00 mg·L~(-1)和0.50 mg·L~(-1)时的空气流量可分别节省23.8%和38.1%,氧转移效率可分别提高7.2%和11.7%.     

农业生产效率对农业用水量的影响

2016年中国农业用水量占用水总量的60%以上,水资源成为国家农业安全的重要保障,而影响农业用水量的因素较多。论文首先采用非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度1998—2015年中国30个省份（西藏、香港、澳门、台湾缺少资料,未计算）的农业生产效率,再利用非参数核密度估计演示主要年份农业生产效率和农业用水量的动态变化,然后借鉴Hansen的门槛模型检验农业生产效率对农业用水量的“门槛效应”。结果表明：1）我国农业生产效率呈倒“U”型走势,省际间差异性减弱;农业用水量先下降后上升,省际间差距存在扩大的趋势。2）提高农业生产效率是降低农业用水量的有效途径,农业生产效率对农业用水量存在显著的“门槛抑制效应”,抑制强度呈“N”型走势。3）扩大粮食作物种植比例、增加农村劳动力和提高农村居民收入均能有效抑制农业用水量增加,而水资源禀赋、水利投资和耕地灌溉面积与农业用水量呈正相关性,农民受教育水平回归结果不显著。     

分类收集蔬菜垃圾与植物废弃物混合堆肥工艺实例研究

以分类收集的生活垃圾(主要为蔬菜垃圾)和破碎树枝为原料,采用条垛式堆肥工艺,在中试规模条件下考察了原料初始含水率、通风频率、翻堆频率、接种比例4种因素对混合堆肥效果的影响.同时,在试验的9种工况下,对温度、氧浓度、有机碳降解率、有机碳氮比(C/N)、腐殖质含量等指标进行测定.结果表明,堆肥42d时各堆体均已达到稳定化要求.经过比较肥分保持、腐殖化程度和能量投入等指标,获得的最优堆肥控制条件为:初始含水率65%,通风频率15min/60min(开/关),翻堆频率为每3d1次,产物接种比例5%.最优控制方案下的主发酵通风率仅为0.03L.min-1.kg-1(以VS计),可实现堆肥过程的低能耗,适合于我国村镇区域的应用条件.     

内蒙古自治区能源概况及各种能源产消情况分析

通过对内蒙古自治区能源概况进行调查,分析内蒙古近几年各种能源的产消情况,这对于内蒙古如何优化能源结构的调整、促进内蒙古的可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。     

Statistical regression modeling for energy consumption in wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment is one of critical issues faced by water utilities, and receives more and more attentions recently. The energy consumption modeling in biochemical wastewater treatment was investigated in the study via a general and robust approach based on Bayesian semi-parametric quantile regression. The dataset was derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, where the energy consumption of unit chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was the response variable of interest. Via the proposed approach, the comprehensive regression pictures of the energy consumption and truly influencing factors, i.e., the regression relationships at lower, median and higher energy consumption levels were characterized respectively. Meanwhile, the proposals for energy saving in different cases were also facilitated specifically. First, the lower level of energy consumption was closely associated with the temperature of influent wastewater, and the chroma-rich wastewater also showed helpful in the execution of energy saving. Second, at median energy consumption level, the COD-rich wastewater played a determinative role in the reduction of energy consumption, while the higher quality of treated water led to slightly energy intensive. Third, the higher level of energy consumption was most likely to be attributed to the relatively high temperature of wastewater and total nitrogen (TN)-rich wastewater, and both of the factors were preferably to be avoided to alleviate the burden of energy consumption. The study provided an efficient approach to controlling the energy consumption of wastewater treatment in the perspective of statistical regression modeling, and offered valuable suggestions for the future energy saving.     

中国氮氧化物排放清单及分布特征

根据能源消费历史状况和氮氧化物(NO_X)排放因子,估算了近20年来中国NO_X的排放变化,并讨论了1995～1998年分省区、分行业、分燃料的NO_X排放清单及特征.中国NOX排放总量已由1980年的4.76Mt快速增加到1996年的12.0Mt,之后,NOX排放持续增加的趋势得到遏制,1998年NO_X排放总量与1996年峰值相比下降了约0.82Mt.NO_X排放在燃料、行业及地域分布上均不平衡的特征没有根本改变:燃煤排放NO_X一直占总量的70%以上;绝大部分NO_X来自工业、电力和交通部门,约占90%左右,且交通部门NO_X排放比例逐年上升,已由1995年的10.4%快速增长到1998年的约13.0%;中东部的河北、辽宁、江苏、山东、河南、广东等省区NO_X排放量较大,均超过0.5Mt而宁夏、青海和海南等边远省区NO_X排放量很低,小于0.1Mt.     

中国能源消费增长的分解——基于投入产出方法

能源是当前中国快速工业化和城市化进程中面临的重要问题,分析其消费增长各个环节的能耗效应是制定节能措施的基础。论文利用投入产出表将1990～1995、1997～2002年中国能源消费增长分解为中间需求效应、技术效应和最终需求效应。研究结果表明,技术效应是减少能源消费的关键因素,在1997～2002年间,技术效应的作用更加明显。中间需求效应与技术效应具有明显的负相关性,有可能通过替代效应对技术效应做出反应,因此,行业之间全面的技术进步很重要,尤其是对那些中间需求调整敏感的行业而言。从单个行业来看,对耗能大户和最终需求量增加快的行业应重点加强技术进步。此外,最终需求效应与国际贸易结构密不可分,应该依据产品附加值和产品能耗对进出口结构进行调整以减少能源消费。     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.