滤料中重金属迁移特性及其在BAF中的应用

以含重金属的干污泥为添加剂,自行研制出生物滤料,并以此滤料为对象进行浸出试验研究.结果表明,在浸出时间为24 h和30 d时,Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb在pH=1时浸出量最大,当pH≥3时,Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb的浸出量迅速下降,说明强酸性条件是影响重金属迁移特性的重要因素.XRD分析表明,原料中的重金属经过一系列的物相转化和反应过程,固定在Si—O等玻璃结构网格中,在晶体结构中以Pb₂O(CrO₄)、CdSiO₃、CuO等稳定的形态存在;在曝气生物滤池（BAF）中应用自制滤料进行脱氮（同步硝化反硝化）效能研究,当原水C/N为11.5和25.5左右时,对NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除率可分别达到85.5%、90.3%、46.6%和49.6%,高于江西陶粒、广州陶粒和山西活性炭的去除率;试验结果对重金属固化、迁移特性机理研究和自制滤料广泛应用有进一步促进作用.     

组合型生态浮床的动态水质净化特性

研究开发了一种由水生植物、水生动物及微生物膜构建的组合型浮床生态系统.通过中试研究,考察了该浮床对富营养化湖泊水体在动态条件下的净化效果.结果表明,水体交换时间为7d时TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别为53 .8%、86 .0%和35 .4%.污染物的直接净化主体为人工介质和水生植物单元,但在生态浮床中引入河蚬增加水生动物单元,通过食物链的“加环"作用,提高了颗粒性有机物的可溶化和无机化（氨化）以及可生化性,改善了植物吸收以及人工介质单元生物膜中微生物的基质条件,促进微生物的生长和活性,提高了浮床的净化效果.     

水力自旋传质填料生物膜反应器处理城市污水

采用SCMT型自旋传质生物载体填料处理城市污水,对比研究结果表明:SCMT型自旋传质生物载体填料具有良好的传质性能,在停留时间为1.0 h,气水比为4∶1的情况下,反应器出水水质能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)》中规定的二级标准.     

Parameters that control the cleanup of fractured permeable aquifers

This study develops a modeling approach for simulating and evaluating entrapped light nonaqueous-phase liquid (light NAPL-LNAPL) dissolution and transport of the solute in a fractured permeable aquifer (FPA). The term FPA refers to an aquifer made of porous blocks of high permeability that embed fractures. The fracture network is part of the domain characterized by high permeability and negligible storage. Previous studies show that sandstone aquifers often represent FPAs. The basic model developed in this study is a two-dimensional (2-D) model of permeable blocks that embed oblique equidistant fractures with constant aperture and orientation. According to this model, two major parameters govern NAPL dissolution and transport of the solute. These parameters are: 1) the dimensionless interphase mass transfer coefficient, K(f0), and 2) the mobility number, N(M0). These parameters represent measures of heterogeneity affecting flow, NAPL dissolution, and transport of the solute in the domain. The parameter K(f0) refers to the rate at which organic mass is transferred from the NAPL into the water phase. The parameter N(M0) represents the ratio of flow through the porous blocks to flow through the fracture network in regions free of entrapped NAPL. It also provides a measure of groundwater flow bypassing regions contaminated by entrapped NAPL. In regions contaminated by entrapped NAPL our simulations have often indicated very low permeability of the porous blocks, enabling a significant increase of the fracture flow at the expense of the permeable block flow. Two types of constitutive relationships also affect the rate of FPA cleanup: 1) the relationship between the saturation of the entrapped NAPL and the permeability of the porous blocks, and 2) the relationships representing effects of the entrapped NAPL saturation and the permeable block flow velocity on rates of interphase mass transfer. This study provides basic tools for evaluating the characteristics of pump-and-treat cleanup of FPAs by referring to sets of parameters and constitutive relationships typical of FPAs. The numerical simulations carried out in this study show that at high initial saturation of the entrapped NAPL, during initial stages of the FPA cleanup the contaminant concentration increases, but later it decreases. This phenomenon originates from significant groundwater bypassing the NAPL entrapped in the permeable blocks via the fracture network.     

Discourses of on-farm wind energy generation in the UK farming press

As the owners of the majority of land in the U.K., farmers are well placed to contribute to renewable energy targets. Media coverage can both drive and reflect farmers’ views about renewable energy but has been largely unexplored to date. This article uses discourse analysis to examine the evolution of coverage of one form of renewable energy – on-farm wind – in the U.K. farming press from 1980 to 2013. We identified a diverse debate with five major discourses. On-farm wind turbines are alternatively represented as: profitable farm diversification opportunities; producers of clean energy; important for rural development and sources of conflict. Although press coverage predominantly encourages wind energy production, a further discourse advises farmers to ‘Proceed with Caution’. While emphasising images and values which have widespread affinity among U.K. farmers, the press have increasingly employed an economic frame, constructing wind energy generation as a farm diversification strategy. The most recent farming press coverage predominantly encourages an instrumental approach to wind energy, crowding out other (non-economic) rationales and marginalising local community concerns. This appears to reflect the financial orientation of recent policy support (particularly Feed-in Tariffs), and may have long-term costs in enabling sustainable energy production systems.     

Trust,but verify: social media models for disaster management

A lack of trust in the information exchanged via social media may significantly hinder decisionmaking by community members and emergency services during disasters. The need for timely information at such times, though, challenges traditional ways of establishing trust. This paper, building on a multi‐year research project that combined social media data analysis and participant observation within an emergency management organisation and in‐depth engagement with stakeholders across the sector, pinpoints and examines assumptions governing trust and trusting relationships in social media disaster management. It assesses three models for using social media in disaster management—information gathering, quasi‐journalistic verification, and crowdsourcing—in relation to the guardianship of trust to highlight the verification process for content and source and to identify the role of power and responsibilities. The conclusions contain important implications for emergency management organisations seeking to enhance their mechanisms for incorporating user‐generated information from social media sources in their disaster response efforts.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fracking in the German Press: Securing Energy Supply on the Eve of The ‘Energiewende’ – A Quantitative Framing-Based Analysis

In many countries worldwide, unconventional hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking) is considered a natural steppingstone toward the use of renewable energies against the backdrop of climate change. Although commercial drilling for shale gas has not yet begun in Germany, the public discourse appears to be creating more controversy than in other European countries. Based on the theoretical concept of “framing,” we conducted a quantitative empirical study from January 2013 to December 2014 analyzing the coverage of fracking in three highly influential newspapers and political magazines in Germany. The results of this study provide the first insights into the discussion of fracking in the German news media and allow comparisons to the debate in other European countries. We found that fracking is mainly discussed in the economic context of securing the future energy supply while the potential risks of the technique are mostly ignored. We discuss our findings and try to explain the unbalanced reporting.     

Mediating the Science: Symbolic and Structural Influences on Communicating Climate Change Through New Zealand's Television News

Climate change presents scientists, politicians, and media producers with a challenge of articulating to diverse stakeholders both the complexity of issues and the urgency of action. Analyses of how climate change is represented and constructed in broadcast media are useful to capture a reflection of contemporary values. We use an analysis of news frames and production values as well as a limited “circuit of culture” approach to explore climate change communication as both a news product and cultural phenomenon. Our focus is New Zealand, a country which ratified the Kyoto agreement but which is currently noncompliant. Using qualitative framing analysis and in-depth interviews with leading media producers, politicians, and scientists, we examine how climate change is produced, represented, and consumed by New Zealanders via their broadcast media.     

YouTube,Social Norms and Perceived Salience of Climate Change in the American Mind

This online experiment explored how contextual information embedded in new media channels such as YouTube may serve as normative social cues to users. Specifically, we examined whether the number of views listed under a YouTube video about climate change would elicit inferences regarding how “others” feel about the climate issue and, consequently, might influence perceptions of issue salience. Participants in this experiment were exposed to a YouTube video about climate change using two experimental conditions, one providing a small number of views under the video and the second listing a large number of views. Results suggest that the “number of views” cue did, indeed, influence participant perceptions of the importance assigned by other Americans to the issue of climate change. Further, compared to low self-monitoring participants, high self-monitoring participants registered an increase in their own judgment of issue importance.