基于GIS的溶解态氮磷负荷模型研究

为了研究妫水河流域的氮磷非点源污染来源,在官厅水库周围进行了野外人工降雨实验,结果表明,氮磷输移率与径流量具有很好的相关性,溶解态氮、磷的平均相关系数分别是0.997 8和0.988 9,因此提出了新的溶解态氮磷负荷模型.从妫水河流域的土壤图、土地利用图中提取地理信息,以数字高程模型为依据,应用新模型研究了妫水河流域溶解态氮污染负荷的空间分布。结果表明,溶解态氮主要来自水浇平地,其次是低山和丘陵.     

1961—2014年中国干燥度指数的时空变化研究

论文采用中国1961—2014年530个气象站数据,运用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散发量,并结合降水量计算中国1961—2014年干燥度指数（Aridity index,AI）,然后采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验和小波分析对其进行时空变化分析。结果表明：1）1961—2014年中国整体、西北地区、青藏地区的干燥度指数均呈显著减小趋势,而南方地区干燥度指数呈微弱减小趋势,北方地区干燥度指数呈不显著增加趋势。中国干燥度指数的突变发生于1986年,而各个分区的突变时间有所差异。2）1961—2014年中国整体、北方地区和西北地区干燥度指数变化主周期均为28 a,南方地区稍晚1 a,青藏地区提前2 a,所有地区均在主周期上经历了变大—变小—变大的过程。同时所有地区也存在不同时间尺度的次周期变化。3）整个中国、西北地区和南方地区潜在蒸散发量的减少和降水量的增加,共同引起了干燥度指数的减小。在北方地区,年降水量的显著减小和潜在蒸散发减小引起干燥度指数呈现微弱增加趋势。在青藏地区,潜在蒸散发的微弱增加和降水量显著增加引起干燥度指数呈现显著减小趋势。4）中国干燥度指数在空间格局上和降水的分布相反,呈现出西北大、东南小的特征。北方地区整体干燥度指数偏小,但中部区域降水相对减少,蒸发能力增强,导致干燥度指数相对偏大。南方地区气温较高,蒸发能力强,但雨量充沛,是我国干燥度指数最小的区域。西北地区较为干燥,降水少,蒸发强,是我国干燥度指数最大的区域。青藏地区由于青藏高原的阻挡作用以及东部地区较为丰富的降水量,使得干燥度指数由东向西逐渐增加,呈现西干东湿的格局。     

雷管自动装配线上袋式除尘器的设计和研究

以军民两用雷管主要填充物黑索金为研究对象,详细论述了小型低压脉冲袋式除尘器在雷管自动装配线上的应用,及该结构中几个关键点的设计。     

Dissolution behavior of metals from particulate matter emissions

Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is linked to numerous health effects. In order to improve the understanding of the role of its metallic components, their solubility was examined by using serial short-contact dissolutions totalling 1?h and additional sequential contact periods of 1, 4, and 8 days. The dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing the main biological electrolytes. ICPMS determinations were used to quantify the dissolved metals. The total compositions were determined after closed vessel microwave digestion. Large variations in the rate and completeness of the dissolutions were observed. Fast and extensive dissolutions within the short-contact time (e.g., Zn, Cd) as well as slow dissolutions persisting during the last contact period (e.g., Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb) were found for smelting emissions. The multi-element determinations also made it possible to identify relationships between dissolution of different metals and define gradual composition changes of residual PM. When comparing with dissolutions performed in de-ionized water, similar major fractions were observed at short-contact time for minor components of smelting or combustion emissions (e.g., V, Ni, Cd), suggesting a preponderance of easily available forms at the surface of the relatively inert particle cores. The use of these time sequential methods may help in (1) modeling metal partitioning in biological media and (2) investigating the causes of adverse effects attributed to air PM.     

三层滤料高速过滤应用于再生水生产的研究

试验在传统混凝—沉淀—三层滤料过滤工艺的基础上,通过对滤料级配的改进,将三层滤料高速过滤工艺应用于再生水的生产,对其可行性进行分析研究。结果表明:在最佳工艺条件下出水浊度的去除率可达97.5%～98.5%,COD去除率在43%左右。同时研究发现,在高速过滤条件下,通过絮凝剂在滤床中发挥的微絮凝作用,可以起到良好的除污效果且出水水质稳定。     

Dissolution of zinc oxide nanoparticles in exposure media of algae,daphnia, and fish embryos for nanotoxicological testing

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are being widely investigated in a bioassay due to potential negative effects to biological receptor. The dissolution of metal nanoparticles such as ZnO NPs is crucial to interpret nanotoxicity results because ZnO NPs can release toxic-free ions in exposure media. In the present study, dissolution of ZnO NPs was evaluated in three selected synthetic media for aquatic toxicological testing: Elendt M4 daphnia medium, OECD algal medium, and fish embryo rearing solution. Both media are currently recommended for OECD testing for daphnia and algae. Time-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs has been investigated in terms of sonication time to be used for the preparation of aqueous NPs suspension, and dissolution time corresponding to exposure period in toxicity testing. Since sonication is widely applied for NPs dispersion in the most of nanotoxicological testing, the emphasis of this study was on the dissolution of NPs as a function of sonication time. We also investigated the concentration-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs. Our results demonstrated that dissolution of ZnO NPs was significantly affected by sonication and dissolution time, as well as NPs concentration. This study showed that parameters affecting dissolution of ZnO NPs should be considered in nanotoxicological testing.     

Achieving sustainable lifestyles or encouraging a counter-reflexivity: exploring motivations for sustainability in a mediated risk society

Ulrich Beck's World Risk Society is becoming an increasingly relevant analysis of contemporary human/environment interaction. However, with this said, Beck's observations remain broad and significantly lacking empirical evidence. This paper explores the relationship between sustainable lifestyles and assertions of one of Beck's central ideas, the emergence of a reflexive modernity at the local scale. By empirically examining the motivation of participants for joining a scheme designed to enhance sustainable lifestyles, this paper will progressively outline the way that individuals in a risk society negotiate global images in a local context and what this means for a reflexive modernity. By exposing the complex interaction of global risk imagery and the effect this has on achieving local sustainability, a more realistic understanding of Beck's theoretical assertions can be applied to an increasingly important policy arena.     

Integrating waste,manufacturing and industrial symbiosis: an analysis of recycling,remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas

The continually increasing volume of the waste stream has led to numerous calls for strategies to close the loop on material use through industrial symbiosis strategies which direct used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. By use of a survey of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas, this paper asks if these firms can operate as a bridge between production and consumption/waste to efficiently increase the flow of used materials and products back to production processes at the local level. The results suggest that while most materials and used products are collected locally, only some can be re(consumed) locally. Moreover, the firms face negative perceptions about their activities from industry and the public at large that likely slow both the rate of entry of new firms into these markets and the expansion possibilities of existing firms. In addition, the types of conventions that characterize the interactions of more successful firms are not well developed in this sector(s). It is unlikely that recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms can become central players in the production, consumption and waste cycle loop until society develops production design, marketing and consumption philosophies that include recycling and remanufacturing at a fundamental level.