Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染状况比较分析——以郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇为例

选取自然条件类似但工业化、城镇化水平明显差异的郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇,在野外调查取样、室内化验分析的基础上,运用地积累指数法比较了土壤Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni等6种重金属元素的污染特征。结果表明:(1)城镇土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr,基本上不存在Cu、Ni元素的外源性累积;由于受人为活动干扰,城镇土壤重金属元素具有强烈的变异性。(2)城镇土壤Pb和Cd污染主要与工业、交通废气沉降有关,Zn污染除工业、交通因素外,还与居民日常生活废弃物排放密切相关;工业区、交通密集区以及居民区土壤重金属污染程度显著高于其他功能区。(3)Pb和Cd在各研究区的累积程度的大小顺序为郑州市区>韩寺镇区>中牟县城>对照区,Zn为中牟县城>郑州市区>韩寺镇区>对照区,而Cr污染除在对照区略小之外,其他三个区域相差不大;不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染的差异是人为活动的历史累积作用和近年来城镇化、工业化影响作用相互叠加的结果。     

成都市城郊水产品中汞的安全性研究

为了查明成都市城郊水产品中汞的安全性,分两次对成都郊区16个鱼塘进行调查采样,用微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱仪并参考国标方法,测定了鱼中汞的含量。研究结果显示,与国家食品卫生标准鱼肉中汞含量(300ng/g)相比,16个鱼塘四种鱼肉中汞含量均未超标;鱼中汞含量空间分布上呈现东部>西部>南部;鱼的内脏中汞含量高于鱼肉;不同鱼类相比,肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>草食性鱼类,无鳞鱼类>有鳞鱼类,即鲶鱼>鲫鱼>鲤鱼>草鱼。与国内外其它地区相比,成都市城郊鱼中汞含量相对较低。     

葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司汞污染现状调查与防治对策研究

葫芦岛市是辽宁省汞污染最严重的城市,该市汞排放量约占全省汞排放量的90％以上。从多年环境管理掌握情况看,葫芦岛市现仅有葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司（简称葫芦岛锌厂）一家企业有汞污染物排出,为加强葫芦岛市汞污染治理和管理提供科学依据,本论文主要针对葫芦岛锌厂周圉环境汞污染现状调查与防治对策进行研究。     

厦门市秋冬季节大气汞污染调查

文章采用两次金汞齐一冷原子荧光光谱法对厦门地区秋冬季节大气汞的污染状况作了初步调查分析,结果表明厦门地区大气中汞的浓度平均为11．037ng／m^3,其含量高于北半球大气气态总汞含量的背景值（1．5-2．0ng／m^3）,表明该地区已受到一定程度的大气汞污染;在一定的采样区域,大气汞浓度与温度、太阳辐射量、大气压、空气湿度成正相关,与风速成负相关;气态汞的含量在80％左右,这与该地区的人为活动多有关,与其他地区报道的类似区域情况的汞污染状况相符;工业区,学校实验室周边区域,生产过程中以汞为原料的工厂等附近区域,大气中汞的含量较高,开阔区域的海边含量较低,交通繁忙区域最低（所选采样点与交通要道有一定的距离）,这种浓度分布说明了大气中汞的存在具有区域性特征。     

非织造材料在油污染控制中的作用分析

针对油污染造成的危害,介绍了控制油污染的方法、吸油材料的种类和要求,通过比较从原料和结构两个方面分析了非织造吸油材料的性能特点,对熔喷聚丙烯非织造吸油产品的作用作出了评价。     

松花江沉积物金属元素含量、污染及地球化学特征

研究了松花江沉积物常量和微量金属元素地球化学行为.从松花江采集39个沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc、V、Mn、Ti、AI、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K的总量,目的是阐明松花江吉林市至哈尔滨市河段沉积物金属元素含量和分布特征,考察元素之间的地球化学关系,探讨微量金属污染物区域基线用于定量分析沉积物微量金属元素的污染.松花江沉积物中有毒微量金属的浓度如:As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、V分别为2.7～11.5、0.05-1.38、4.8～14.7、15.9-78.9、2.4-75.4、0.01-1.27、21.8-403.1、6.2-35.8、12.6-124.4、22.1-108.0 mg/kg.由于人为干扰(污染).沉积物中Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb的时空分异高于常量元素.而且这些金属元素与其赋存矿物元素.如Fe、Mg、Sc之间的相关性降低了.本研究建立了沉积物中常见污染污染物As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的环境基线浓度,为定量估算松花江沉积物污染提供了理论依据.松花江沉积物中微量金属污染程度低于珠江和长江,与黄河近似.     

零价汞在MnOx/α-Al2O3-氯气体系中的催化氧化

为强化烟气中零价汞向二价汞的转化,利用模拟含汞烟气研究了以MnOx/α-Al2O3作为催化剂、利用氯气作为氧化剂催化氧化零价汞的方法.着重考察了氯气浓度、温度、空速和SO2对催化氧化零价汞性能的影响,并与HCl作为氧化剂的结果进行了对比.同时,对催化剂进行表征,探讨了催化剂表面吸附态汞的形态.研究结果表明,Cl2较HCl更易活化且活性温度区间更广,在100～300℃范围内,Cl2体积分数为2.0×10-6时的催化氧化效率即可达80%以上;在1.6×104-6.4×104 h-1空速范围内,零价汞氧化率保持在90%以上.空速继续提高到1.92×105h-1时,零价汞氧化率呈现线性下降趋势;烟气中的SO2与Cl2:反应会消耗Cl2,Cl2体积分数低时对催化氧化反应抑制作用显著,但Cl2体积分数增至5.0×10-6时对催化氧化反应的抑制效果较弱,仅为10%左右.     

活化处理活性炭纤维的表面特性及其汞吸附性能

选用了3种比表面积不同的粘胶基活性炭纤维(ACF-1、ACF-2和ACF-3),并对样品ACF-1进行了浓硝酸和氨水活化处理,获得样品ACF-N和ACF-NH3,最后对这5种ACF样品进行表面特性表征和单质汞的吸附实验.氮分子吸附(77.4K)实验结果表明,ACF-N和ACF-NH3的微孔容积与ACF-1相比有所减小,各样品的微孔(d2nm)分布有一定差异.ACF含有许多不规则的表面微结构,其X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,ACF-N的含氧官能团(CO、COOH)和ACF-NH3的含氮官能团含量与ACF-1相比均有明显增加.X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,ACF-2和ACF-3的石墨化程度和晶体化程度较ACF-1有所提高.汞吸附实验表明,由于受到ACF表面微结构的影响,微孔容积与吸附能力之间并非简单的依附关系,增加含氧、含氮基团含量在一定程度上能提高ACF的汞吸附容量.     

Distribution of mercury in di erent environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runo , and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined e ect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.