新一代X荧光仪在河流底质监测中的应用研究

文章主要介绍了新一代能量色散型X荧光分析仪在地面水监测(河流底质监测)中的应用研究。通过对成都市两条主要河流——府河和沙河部分河段中底泥沉积物现场取样分析样品中As、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd等元素含量,并利用地质累积指数法对两条河流取样段的重金属污染的现状和水平进行了初步评价,验证了X荧光分析方法作为一种快速分析手段在地面水监测中应用的可行性。     

GIS based ArcPRZM-3 model for bentazon leaching towards groundwater

Groundwater contamination due to pesticide applications on agricultural lands is of great environmental concern. The mathematical models help to understand the mechanism of pesticide leaching in soils towards groundwater. We developed a user-friendly model called ArcPRZM-3 by integrating widely used Pesticide Root Zone Model version 3 (PRZM-3) using Visual Basic and Geographic Information System (GIS) based Avenue programming. ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater with user-friendly input interfaces coupled with databases of crops, soils and pesticides. The outputs from ArcPRZM-3 could be visualized in user-friendly formats of tables, charts and maps. In this study we evaluated ArcPRZM-3 model by simulating bentazon leaching in soil towards groundwater. ArcPRZM-3 was applied to 37 sites in Woodru County, Arkansas, USA to observe the daily average dissolved bentazon concentration for soybean, sorghum and rice at a depth of 1.8 m for a period of two years. Nineteen ranks of bentazon leaching potential were obtained using ArcPRZM-3 for all sites having di erent soil and crop combinations. ArcPRZM-3 simulation results for bentazon were compatible with the field monitored data in term of relative ranking and trend, although some uncertainties exist. This study indicated that macropore flow mechanism would be important in analyzing the e ect of irrigation on groundwater contamination due to pesticides. Overall, ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater more e ciently and e ectively as compared to PRZM-3.     

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...     

燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术现状分析与展望

燃煤汞污染近些年来被世界公认为继燃煤硫污染之后的又一大污染问题,燃煤汞排放控制方法的研究开发将是21世纪最重要的环保课题之一。燃煤电厂汞排放控制是目前国际上研究的热点,开发出有效低成本的脱汞技术迫在眉睫。文章综述了国内外有关此方面的研究,并进行了简要的分析总结;对未来燃煤电厂烟气汞污染控制技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

冷原子荧光法测定水中汞不确定度评定

通过对冷原子荧光法测定水中汞的过程分析,分析该方法测量不确定的来源,给出相对不确定度分量,得出测量扩展不确定度结果。     

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染状况比较分析——以郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇为例

选取自然条件类似但工业化、城镇化水平明显差异的郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇,在野外调查取样、室内化验分析的基础上,运用地积累指数法比较了土壤Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni等6种重金属元素的污染特征。结果表明:(1)城镇土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr,基本上不存在Cu、Ni元素的外源性累积;由于受人为活动干扰,城镇土壤重金属元素具有强烈的变异性。(2)城镇土壤Pb和Cd污染主要与工业、交通废气沉降有关,Zn污染除工业、交通因素外,还与居民日常生活废弃物排放密切相关;工业区、交通密集区以及居民区土壤重金属污染程度显著高于其他功能区。(3)Pb和Cd在各研究区的累积程度的大小顺序为郑州市区>韩寺镇区>中牟县城>对照区,Zn为中牟县城>郑州市区>韩寺镇区>对照区,而Cr污染除在对照区略小之外,其他三个区域相差不大;不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染的差异是人为活动的历史累积作用和近年来城镇化、工业化影响作用相互叠加的结果。     

成都市城郊水产品中汞的安全性研究

为了查明成都市城郊水产品中汞的安全性,分两次对成都郊区16个鱼塘进行调查采样,用微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱仪并参考国标方法,测定了鱼中汞的含量。研究结果显示,与国家食品卫生标准鱼肉中汞含量(300ng/g)相比,16个鱼塘四种鱼肉中汞含量均未超标;鱼中汞含量空间分布上呈现东部>西部>南部;鱼的内脏中汞含量高于鱼肉;不同鱼类相比,肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>草食性鱼类,无鳞鱼类>有鳞鱼类,即鲶鱼>鲫鱼>鲤鱼>草鱼。与国内外其它地区相比,成都市城郊鱼中汞含量相对较低。     

葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司汞污染现状调查与防治对策研究

葫芦岛市是辽宁省汞污染最严重的城市,该市汞排放量约占全省汞排放量的90％以上。从多年环境管理掌握情况看,葫芦岛市现仅有葫芦岛锌业股份有限公司（简称葫芦岛锌厂）一家企业有汞污染物排出,为加强葫芦岛市汞污染治理和管理提供科学依据,本论文主要针对葫芦岛锌厂周圉环境汞污染现状调查与防治对策进行研究。     

厦门市秋冬季节大气汞污染调查

文章采用两次金汞齐一冷原子荧光光谱法对厦门地区秋冬季节大气汞的污染状况作了初步调查分析,结果表明厦门地区大气中汞的浓度平均为11．037ng／m^3,其含量高于北半球大气气态总汞含量的背景值（1．5-2．0ng／m^3）,表明该地区已受到一定程度的大气汞污染;在一定的采样区域,大气汞浓度与温度、太阳辐射量、大气压、空气湿度成正相关,与风速成负相关;气态汞的含量在80％左右,这与该地区的人为活动多有关,与其他地区报道的类似区域情况的汞污染状况相符;工业区,学校实验室周边区域,生产过程中以汞为原料的工厂等附近区域,大气中汞的含量较高,开阔区域的海边含量较低,交通繁忙区域最低（所选采样点与交通要道有一定的距离）,这种浓度分布说明了大气中汞的存在具有区域性特征。