产氢发酵新菌Ethanoligenens sp.B49对铁的依赖性及产氢途径初探

采用典型产氢途径的丁酸梭菌和阴沟肠杆菌作为对比菌株,铁元素作为限制性因子,研究Ethanoligenens sp.B49的产氢代谢过程对铁的依赖性以及产氢机制.铁限制性培养结果表明,与完全培养条件相比,在铁浓度限制在2 mg·L-1条件下B49仍保持很好的生长状态和产氢性能,其产氢不受铁元素不足的影响,即其产氢行为不具有铁依赖性;这一性质与梭菌型产氢途径的丁酸梭菌表现出相似的规律,完全区别于阴沟肠杆菌铁依赖型的产氢机制.初步判断高效产氢菌B49的产氢代谢途径类似于梭菌型产氢途径.     

增强生物除磷系统中微生物及其代谢机制研究进展

阐述了增强生物除磷系统中两种重要微生物——聚磷菌和聚糖菌的厌氧-好氧代谢的基本原理,着重介绍了几种典型的聚磷菌和聚糖菌,以及这两类微生物的生长环境、分离纯化方法和探针序列的最新进展,接着进一步分析了聚磷菌和聚糖菌基于乙酸、丙酸和混合酸作为碳源的厌氧代谢模型及物质转化关系,最后对增强生物除磷的研究方向进行了展望。     

采用非生长能量代谢参数表征颗粒污泥稳定性

对比分析了无厌氧搅拌的异养菌系统和有厌氧搅拌的除磷系统的颗粒污泥的粒径、密度、形态等特征,得出后者较前者稳定.通过动力学参数分析发现,颗粒污泥的稳定与微生物的代谢特征有一定的关系,即慢速生长系统具有较好的颗粒稳定特征可能与能量维持代谢的比例较大有关.通过对比分析慢速生长系统不同粒径的微生物代谢特征,发现用于表征非生长代谢相关的能量维持系数m和Smin/CODinfluent与颗粒的稳定性具有密切的联系,因而可以作为表征颗粒污泥稳定性的定量指标.本研究改变了长期以来通过观察污泥形态、粒径、密度等理化参数来定性描述颗粒稳定的技术体系,从微生物能量代谢角度建立了定量描述颗粒污泥稳定的方法和指标.     

一株高效1,4-雄烯二酮降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解转化特性研究

从养殖场废水中筛选出1株1,4-雄烯二酮(ADD)高效降解菌株ADD3,经过16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).通过单因素实验研究了不同实验条件对菌株ADD3降解特性的影响,采用高效液相色谱与质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS/MS)和高效液相色谱与四级杆飞行时间高分辨率质谱联用...     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(9), 1164–1169 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

膜生物反应器中污染物去除途径及膜过滤性能

采用一体式悬浮生长型和附着生长型膜生物反应器(MBR)处理微污染水源水,主要考察了两种MBR对污染物的去除途径和膜过滤性能。结果表明,两种MBR对主要污染物高锰酸盐指数和NH4+-N均有良好的去处效果,去除率分别达到66%和94%以上。悬浮生长型MBR的去除效果稍强于附着MBR,因为前者的生物量要高于后者。两种MBR的生物去除和膜去除对去除效果都有重要贡献,而膜去除是获得良好的出水水质的保证。曝气量对两种MBR的污染物去除效果没有明显影响,一定范围内增大曝气量会提高生物去除的比例。悬浮生长型MBR的膜污染速率要比附着生长型快得多,但运行稳定后,两者的膜比通量大致相当。     

含四环素沼肥对蔬菜品质及抗性基因的影响

为探讨含四环素沼肥的生态毒性,采用盆栽试验研究了含四环素沼肥对小白菜品质、土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性及抗性基因的影响. 结果表明:与CK相比,添加高浓度(15 mg/kg)四环素沼肥处理下,小白菜鲜质量和w(维生素C)分别降低了5.7%和16.7%,w(硝酸盐)增加了34.3%. Biolog微平板分析显示,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥显著提高了土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度. 实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,在小白菜幼苗期,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥处理下,土壤中四环素类抗性基因相对丰度比CK高出0.69~4.03倍. 无论沼肥中是否添加四环素,施肥后小白菜内生菌中均存在抗性基因,并且小白菜内生菌抗性基因相对丰度均以CK最高,比其他处理高出0.55~325.72倍. 研究显示,添加四环素的沼肥改变了小白菜品质和产量以及土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度,增加了土壤中四环素类抗性基因丰度,降低了小白菜内生菌的抗性基因水平.      

A~2/N-SBR工艺短程反硝化除磷脱氮研究

以生活污水作为处理对象,研究了双污泥短程硝化-反硝化除磷工艺A2/N-SBR长期反硝化除磷脱氮的性能,考察了典型周期系统运行效果,并探讨短程反硝化聚磷菌代谢机制。结果表明:A2/N-SBR工艺长期稳定运行有机物去除及脱氮除磷性能良好;典型周期内NO-2-N和TP出水浓度分别为0.53 mg/L和1.14 mg/L,TP去除率达88.8%;厌氧释磷阶段COD和胞内糖原浓度分别减少107.21 mg/L和76.81 mg/L,内碳源PHB含量增加150.88 mg/L,厌氧末期TP浓度是初始TP浓度的2.6倍,缺氧吸磷阶段TP和NO-2-N去除率分别为94%和96%。A2/N-SBR工艺脱氮除磷效果显著且稳定性强,短程反硝化聚磷菌吸磷反应的电子供体PHB的合成来自外碳源和糖原。     

Transforming conservation science and practice for a postnormal world

We examine issues to consider when reframing conservation science and practice in the context of global change. New framings of the links between ecosystems and society are emerging that are changing peoples’ values and expectations of nature, resulting in plural perspectives on conservation. Reframing conservation for global change can thus be regarded as a stage in the evolving relationship between people and nature rather than some recent trend. New models of how conservation links with transformative adaptation include how decision contexts for conservation can be reframed and integrated with an adaptation pathways approach to create new options for global‐change‐ready conservation. New relationships for conservation science and governance include coproduction of knowledge that supports social learning. New processes for implementing adaptation for conservation outcomes include deliberate practices used to develop new strategies, shift world views, work with conflict, address power and intergenerational equity in decisions, and build consciousness and creativity that empower agents to act. We argue that reframing conservation for global change requires scientists and practitioners to implement approaches unconstrained by discipline and sectoral boundaries, geopolitical polarities, or technical problematization. We consider a stronger focus on inclusive creation of knowledge and the interaction of this knowledge with societal values and rules is likely to result in conservation science and practice that meets the challenges of a postnormal world.     

Bioavailability and metabolism of hexavalent chromium compounds †

Intratracheal instillation of ⁵¹CrCl₃ in anaesthetized rabbits resulted in partial absorption. In blood, the absorbed material was entirely confined to the plasma compartment. Only trace amounts were deposited in liver and kidney. By contrast, after similar application of Na, ⁵¹CrO₄ the bulk of blood radioactivity was present in red blood cells (RBC). Substantial deposition occurred in liver and kidneys. It is concluded that Cr(VI) may enter the body unreduced via the lung and is partially deposited in cells over a prolonged period of time.

Since chromium was accumulated in liver after administration of Cr(VI) we investigated the intracellular disposition of Cr(VI) in the isolated perfused liver. No significant sex differences in chromium distribution were observed. At the end of the experiments (1 h), 60% of the applied dose (312μg Cr/liver) was located in the cytosol, whilst 14% was in the mitochondria, 9% in the microsomal pellet and 2% was associated with the nuclei. Gel chromatography of the cytosolic compartment showed that the overwhelming part of chromium was eluted in fractions with an apparent molecular weight of 6,000 dalton. These fractions exhibited absorption maxima at 410nm and 548nm. It is concluded, that cytosolic reduction might be the main intracellular redox pathway for chromates. This view was confirmed by monitoring the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH in vitro. GSH reduced Cr(VI) without further cofactors under formation of GSH‐chromium complexes, which possibly represent major intermediates in the metabolism of Cr(VI).