Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

New insights into disruption of iron homeostasis by environmental pollutants

Among the numerous health conditions environmental pollutants can cause, chronic exposure to pollutants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals has been shown to disturb a specific biological homeostatic process, the iron metabolism in human body. Disorders of iron metabolism are among the common diseases of humans and encompass a broad spectrum of diseases with different clinical manifestations, ranging from anemia to iron overload, and possibly to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Hepcidin–ferroportin (FPN) signaling is one of the key mechanisms responsible for iron supply, utilization, recycling, and storage, and recent studies demonstrated that exposure to environmental pollutants including POPs and heavy metals could lead to disruption of the hepcidin–FPN axis along with disordered systemic iron homeostasis and diseases. This article introduces and highlights the accompanying review article by Drs. Xu and Liu in this journal, which elaborates in detail the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on iron metabolism, and the mechanisms responsible for these toxicological outcomes. It also points out the knowledge gaps still existing in this subject matter. Research that will fill these gaps will improve our understanding of the issue and provide useful information to prevent or treat diseases induced by environmental pollutants.     

电子垃圾重金属污染及防治对策研究

随着信息产业的飞速发展,电子产品更新换代加速,电子垃圾飞速增长,电子垃圾中的重金属对环境造成了越来越严重的污染.本文回顾了广东贵屿与浙江台州两大电子垃圾回收拆解区重金属污染的现状,分析了电子产品原材料、加工工艺和电子垃圾不当回收导致重金属污染的原因,提出了依靠政策法规引导、借鉴国外先进经验、进行电子垃圾回收处理产业化发展的相应防治对策,以期能改善电子垃圾导致的重金属污染.     

常见重金属对费氏弧菌的生物毒性研究

以费氏弧菌作为毒性测试物种,研究Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的生物毒性.同时,对相对发光强度和金属离子浓度进行线性回归后计算了EC50值(半数效应浓度值),并比较了该菌种对各金属化合物的敏感度差异.结果表明,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子浓度呈负相关,线性相关系数为0.8764~0.9730.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045、0.181、0.300、0.117、0.614、23.000 mg/L,毒性大小依次为Hg2+ >Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Zn2+ >Cr6+,可见Hg2+对费氏弧菌的毒性最大,但该发光菌对Cr6+的敏感性较小.     

“城郊乡”梯度下土壤Cu、Zn、Pb含量的空间变异特征

为揭示城市化、工业化等人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响,选择能反映上海城郊乡梯度差异的中心城区、城郊结合部和远郊,采用地统计学方法对表层土壤样品Cu、Zn、Pb的空间变异结构和分布特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:城市土壤Pb、Cu、Zn的变异系数范围为0.24~0.62,均属中等变异强度。徐汇区土壤Cu、Pb、Zn符合正态分布,闵行区土壤Cu、Pb和Zn符合对数正态分布,奉贤区土壤Zn呈正态分布,土壤Cu、Pb符合对数正态分布。由中心城区到远郊,城市土壤Cu、Pb、Zn的各项统计特征值和变异系数均有较大差异,存在明显的空间分布差异。半方差函数分析结果表明,徐汇区作为中心城区,土壤Cu、Pb、Zn符合球状模型,土壤Cu、Zn具有强烈的空间相关性,土壤Pb具有明显的空间自相关。奉贤区以农业用地为主,土壤Pb符合线性模型,土壤Cu符合高斯模型,土壤Zn符合指数模型,具有强烈的空间相关性。闵行区地处城郊结合部,土壤Cu、Pb、Zn的半方差拟合模型均为线性模型,表现为纯块金形式,以随机变异为主,空间相关性弱。采用Kriging最优内插法进行无偏估值,绘制了表层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图,中心城区、城郊结合部、郊区土壤重金属的空间分布受城市化、工业化、城市交通等因素的影响,均表现出不同的空间分布规律。     

Cytogenotoxicity and histopathological assessment of Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)

The cytogenotoxicity and histopathological alterations induced by xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River on Synodontis clarias were investigated. Fish from these water bodies and a fish farm (control) were examined for micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood. Also gill, liver, kidney, and ovary were processed for histopathology using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in the water were determined. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood of S. clarias from the lagoon and river compared to the reference site. Loss and disorganization of the primary and secondary lamellae, multifocal degeneration, hemorrhages, cellular infiltration, congestions, vacuolations, atresia, and necrosis were common lesions in the examined tissues of fish from the lagoon and river. Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in water samples from the lagoon and river were higher than the reference site. Xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River, mostly metals, induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathological damage in S. clarias.     

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Environmental Dredging in South Lake,China

Environmental dredging is a primary remedial option for removal of the contaminated material from aquatic environment. Of primary concern in environmental dredging is the effectiveness of the intended sediment removal. A 5-year field monitoring study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the environmental dredging in South Lake, China. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors, and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As) before and after dredging in sediment were determined and compared. Multiple ecological risk indices were employed to assess the contamination of heavy metals before and after dredging. Our results showed that the total phosphorus levels reduced 42% after dredging. Similar changes for Hg, Zn, As Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni were observed, with reduction percentages of 97.0, 93.1, 82.6, 63.9, 52.7, 50.1, 32.0, and 23.6, respectively, and the quality of sediment improved based on the criterion of Sediment Quality Guidelines by USEPA and contamination degree values (C_d) decreased significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the TN increased 49% after dredging compared to before dredging. Findings from the study demonstrated that the environmental dredging was an effective mechanism for removal of total phosphorus and heavy metals from South Lake. Nevertheless, the dredging was ineffective to remove total nitrogen from sediment. We conclude that the reason for the observed increase in TN after dredging was likely ammonia release from the sediment impairing the dredging effectiveness.     

樊庆生红球菌菌剂制备优化及其重金属修复促进效果研究

目前,土壤重金属污染形势严峻,而微生物辅助植物修复的措施以其绿色友好的特性备受关注,其中,研发高效的微生物菌剂对提高修复效率至关重要.针对一种能代谢植物激素脱落酸（ABA）的微生物—樊庆生红球菌（Rhodococcus qingshengii）进行菌剂制备研究,并验证其对超积累植物东南景天提取重金属镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）和锌（Zn）能力的强化效果.结果表明,该菌种制备优化条件为：80%麦麸∶15%锯末∶5%活性炭;料水比1∶2、pH=9;接菌量40%;培养温度30℃、培养时间3 d、烘干温度40℃.优化后,固体菌剂有效活菌数可达2×10¹²CFU·g^-1,与土壤混合后其有效活菌数峰值达1×10¹¹CFU·g^-1,是接种相同活菌数液体菌剂的4倍,30 d保有的有效活菌数是液体菌剂的23倍.与未配施的空白相比,该菌剂配施于不同重金属污染土壤中,可使东南景天的Cd含量提高110%～260%,Ni和Zn含量分别提高约100%和90%;生物富集因子（BCF）则提高50%～500%,转运系数（TF）...     

鄱阳湖河湖交错区软体动物重金属富集与迁移特征分析

河湖交错区是鄱阳湖流域重金属污染物进入湖泊的主要通道,也是重金属富集的场所.本文通过在鄱阳湖河湖交错区采集软体动物样品,分析样品的肌肉和内脏中铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和锑（Sb）的含量,利用生物-沉积物累积因子和碳氮稳定同位素对鄱阳湖软体动物重金属的富集特征及营养结构和食源关系进行研究,并利用综合目标危险系数进行健康风险评估.结果表明：①鄱阳湖软体动物重金属含量存在显著的种间和组织间的差异,且受体长体重的稀释作用,与所在栖息地的关系不大,但与区域背景环境存在明显的对应关系,均低于水产限量标准值.软体动物对重金属Cu、Zn和Cd具有明显的富集能力,蚌（圆顶珠蚌、三角帆蚌、背瘤丽蚌和褶纹冠蚌）易从环境中富集更多的Mn和Cd,而螺（铜锈环棱螺和大沼螺）则易富集Cu和Zn;②软体动物δ¹³C值为-29.84‰~-21.13‰,δ¹⁵N值为4.09‰~11.51‰,螺和蚌存在明显不同的食物来源.软体动物中的重金属并不随δ¹⁵N值的变化表现出显著的改变,但与δ¹³C值存在显著的线性关系;其中Cu和Zn与δ¹³C值表现为显著的正相关关系,而Mn、Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Sb表现为显著的负相关关系;③健康风险评估结果表明,不论是成人还是儿童,综合目标危险系数（TTHQ） 均大于1,表明鄱阳湖河湖交错区软体动物重金属的富集会对人群食用产生较为显著的健康风险,其中Mn和As是主要的贡献者,且食用蚌的风险略高于螺.研究结果可为鄱阳湖水生态安全、水生生物多样性保护及食品安全评估提供科学依据和理论支撑.     

老工业城市土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积及风险协同评价

为查明老工业城市土壤-作物系统的重金属环境地球化学特征,测试和分析石嘴山市水稻、小麦和玉米籽实及其根系土重金属含量和形态,利用统计学方法、风险评价编码法(RAC)、生物富集系数法(BCF)、土壤和农产品综合质量影响指数法(IICQ)及ArcGIS空间插值法开展土壤-作物系统重金属的迁移累积特征剖析及风险协同评价.结果表明,根系土中重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Hg)、ω(Ni)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)均值分别为12.56、 0.19、 63.48、 23.52、 0.038、 28.86、 21.68和69.47mg·kg^-1,与宁夏土壤背景值相比呈一定程度的累积,其中以Cd和Hg累积效应最为显著,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;配套作物中上述8种重金属含量均值分别为0.014 9、 0.011 2、 0.075、 6.7、 0.001 5、 0.67、 0.042 7和20.48mg·kg^-1,与食品中污染物限量相比,作物中As、 Pb和Cr点位超标率分别为4%、 3%和1%,其余元素均未超标;相比水稻和小麦,...