生物炭复合材料在土壤重金属污染修复领域的研究进展

当前,土壤重金属污染问题已成为了备受国内外关注的环境问题之一.相比于传统单一生物炭,生物炭复合材料具有循环利用性能更佳、吸附能力更强、修复选择性更广等优点,是一种稳定的、应用前景广的土壤重金属污染修复材料.系统性地综述了目前国内外生物炭改性优化方法以及吸附重金属相关机理,讨论了生物炭应用于土壤污染修复领域存在的潜在环境...     

昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价及相关性分析

以昭通市农田区域为研究对象,采用点对点协同采样的方法对昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜进行采集,测定了As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr 这6种重金属含量.使用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属污染进行评价,利用健康风险模型评估蔬菜对人体产生的风险情况.结果表明,研究区土壤存在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于农用地风险筛选值,超标率分别为34.35%、6.87%、2.29%、80.15%和6.11%;蔬菜存在Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于食品中污染物限量,超标率分别为6.87%、15.27%和36.64%.土壤污染评价表明,土壤重金属Cd存在强生态风险,其余重金属存在轻微生态风险.人体健康风险评估模型显示,非致癌风险及致癌风险均超过可接受范围,且对儿童的影响更大.相关性分析表明,土壤中的As对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有拮抗作用,而土壤中Cr对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有促进作用.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的赤泥堆场周边耕地土壤重金属污染源解析

为探究重庆某赤泥堆场周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征和来源,分析土壤中8种重金属元素（Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu和Zn）含量和空间分布特征,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染特征进行评价,并在相关性分析的基础上采用APCS-MLR和PMF模型定量解析重金属来源.结果表明,除土壤Cr外,其他7种重金属元素含量均值均高于重庆市土壤背景值.土壤重金属整体处于中度污染水平,其中Cd、Hg和As为中度污染,Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn为轻度污染.土壤Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu和Zn空间分布格局相似,相互间呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;Cd、Hg和As空间分布特征有较大差异,且相互间相关性不显著（P > 0.05）.源解析表明,研究区土壤重金属来源较为复杂,APCS-MLR和PMF模型均能解析出4种相同的污染源,分别为赤泥堆场渗滤排放和自然来源、火力发电排放源、农业活动与自然来源和有色金属冶炼排放源.两种模型源解析结果差异较小,APCS-MLR模型中4种污染源贡献率分别为51.8%、18.0%、15.9%和14.3%,而在PMF模型中分别为45.9%、12.8%、21.5%和19.8%.     

基于信息扩散模型的沣东新城区土壤重金属潜在生态风险评估

我国目前大规模的新区建设导致严峻的区域土壤重金属污染形势.以沣东新城为研究靶区,进行重金属含量特征描述性统计及克里金插值分析,进一步结合潜在生态风险指数与信息扩散理论,构建基于风险评估的信息扩散模型,探讨了Pb、Cu、Cd和Hg的污染程度、污染风险及风险发生概率.结果表明,研究区内4种土壤重金属的含量均值远超土壤重金属背景值,分别是背景值的1.943（Pb）、1.419（Cu）、3.074（Cd）和3.567（Hg）倍,且重金属分布受人为干扰较大呈强变异性（CV>65%）.其中,Pb和Cu污染分布主要受到工业生产与建设用地开发的影响,工业活动、农业活动及交通运输是主要的Cd污染源,而工业建设是造成Hg污染的主要因素.重金属潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为9.716（Pb）、7.095（Cu）、92.292（Cd）和142.469（Hg）,区域综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）均值为251.573,表明区域整体处于较高的潜在生态风险状态.区域Pb和Cu整体处于轻度潜在生态风险,而Cd和Hg以中风险与较高风险为主,表明Cd和Hg是区域重金属污染的主导因素.信息扩散潜在生态风险模型评估结果显示,区域综合潜在生态风险各等级的概率排序为：较高（38.98%）>中度（38.55%）>高（5.89%）>轻微（5.15%）>极高（3.56%）,Cd、Hg元素各潜在生态风险等级的超越概率远大于Pb和Cu,Hg元素各污染等级的超越概率分别为轻微（94.89%）、中度（66.85%）、较高（23.62%）、高（3.9%）和极高（2%）,其中仅轻微等级的超越概率小于Cd.潜在生态风险等级的污染概率预测误差均小于5%,体现了基于风险评估的信息扩散模型的可靠性.研究结果可为样本受限地区的土壤重金属潜在生态风险监测与管控提供技术借鉴与支持.     

长江中游典型湖泊沉积物重金属分布特征、生态风险评估及溯源

集中采集洞庭湖、洪湖和赤湖表层沉积物样品并检测其中10种重金属含量,使用地理信息系统表征空间分布,利用地累积污染指数法（I_geo）、富集因子法（EF）和潜在生态风险指数法（RI）协同评估重金属积累的潜在风险,并利用相关性分析（Pearson）和主成分分析（PCA）溯源.结果表明,Cd元素的污染状况和潜在生态风险最为严重,东洞庭湖、洪湖和赤湖中ω（Cd）的平均值分别为2.85、1.59和3.57 mg·kg^-1,分别是对应省份土壤背景值的25.87、11.36和37.58倍,均超出风险筛选值（0.6 mg·kg^-1）,其中赤湖超出风险管制值（3.0 mg·kg^-1）.除Cd外,洪湖中的As值得关注,赤湖中的Cu、As、Zn和Pb都不容忽视.三湖的潜在生态风险排序为：赤湖（RI=1 127）>东洞庭湖（RI=831）>洪湖（RI=421）.重金属来源主要是工矿业冶采、农业生产和水产养殖等,部分重金属（Mn和Cu）为自然源.研究对长江中游典型湖泊沉积物重金属防控具有重要意义.     

Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality

• Indirect use of sludge in ditches alongside plants was tested in field experiments. • The dried and stabilized sludge in ditches was recovered with heavy metals. • Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the planted soil were all in a safe range. • The indirect use of sludge increased plant yield, soil N content and C storage. The treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an urgent problem to be resolved in many countries. Safely using the nutrients within MSS to increase crop yield and enhance the fertility of poor soil could contribute to achieving sustainable development. An indirect use of MSS in ditches alongside Pennisetum hybridum plants was studied in field plots for 30 months and the contents of heavy metals and macronutrients were monitored in soil, sludge and plant samples. We found that the yield of P. hybridum was significantly increased by 2.39 to 2.80 times and the treated plants had higher N content compared with no sludge. In addition, the organic matter (OM) and N contents in the planted soil increased significantly compared with the initial soil. The OM content in the planted soil of the MSS treatment was 2.9 to 5.2 times higher than that with no sludge, and N increased by 2.0 to 3.8 times. However, MSS had no significant effect on the N, P and K contents in the soil at the bottom of the MSS ditch, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were also within the safe range. Moreover, the moisture content and phytotoxicity of MSS after this indirect use were reduced and the heavy metal contents changed little, which is favorable to the further disposal of recovered MSS. Therefore, this indirect use of MSS is beneficial to agricultural production, soil quality and environmental sustainability.     

Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Bulgarian Black Sea Green Algae

Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration distribution in six green macroalgae species from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast were determined. The measurement of these metals was carried out during six seasons from 1996 to 2002 using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Samples were collected from eight different sites–Shabla, Kaliakra, Tuzlata, Ravda, Ahtopol and Sinemoretz. The obtained heavy metal (HM) data (mean values g/g) for all algae are: 650 ± 100 for Fe, 184 ± 15 for Mn, 5.6 ± 0.5 for Cu, 3.3 ± 0.3 for Pb and 1.1 ± 0.2 for Cd. The obtained HM contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation and the obtained higher values in the northern sector of the studied zone can be attributed to the discharge influence of the big rivers, entering the Black Sea–Danube, Dnyepr, Dnester and local pollutant emissions. All data show that there is no serious contamination in green macroalgae with heavy and toxic metals along the whole Bulgarian Black Sea coast.     

市政污泥热解过程中重金属迁移特性及环境效应评估

以昆明某市政污泥为原料,研究生物炭制备过程中重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni的迁移特性,并基于其潜在环境风险确定污泥基生物炭制备的最佳热解温度.本实验选择总量较高的4种重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni,采用BCR提取法测定不同热解温度下4种重金属的形态和含量变化,得到各金属的形态分布变化规律和迁移路径,利用潜在生态风险指数（PERI）和风险评估代码（RAC）对污泥基生物炭进行环境风险评估.结果表明,4种金属的易挥发程度排序为Zn > Mn > Fe > Ni,4种金属形态分布情况和变化规律各不相同,但迁移路径具有共通性.在低温热解阶段,不稳定形态向稳定形态转化;随着温度的升高,可氧化态和残渣态逐步分解破碎,部分逸散到大气中,部分形成可还原态.在环境风险评估方面,高温条件（>500℃）下制备的生物炭环境风险较低,500℃制备的生物炭经济性最好.     

典型山区燃煤型电厂周边土壤重金属形态特征及污染评价

为了揭示毕节金沙电厂周边土壤重金属（Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn）污染状况,在电厂周围采集了32个土壤表层样品,采用改进的BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,并以Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法、改性灰色聚类法及风险评估编码法（RAC）进行生态风险评估.结果表明：重金属含量变化具有一定的空间变异结构和空间分布特征,除了Cd和Cr的含量平均值低于贵州省土壤平均背景值外,其余重金属含量的平均值均大于该背景值.土壤中的大部分重金属主要以残渣态形式存在,而Cd主要以酸可提取态和可还原态存在,具有很强的环境危害.相关性分析结果显示,Hg与As、Cd表现为极显著相关,而Zn与其余重金属元素相关性都较弱.生态风险评价得出7种重金属的生态风险大小顺序为Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr,综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为129.72,处于中等生态风险.通过改性灰色聚类法对土壤重金属污染进行分析评价,表明电厂西面污染明显高于东面,且Hg和Cd为主要污染物;由风险评估编码法得出元素Cd有效态占18.17%,对环境构成中等风险等级,元素Cr和Zn对环境的危害处于低风险状态,元素Hg、Pb、As和Cu处于无风险状态.综合以上研究结果,金沙电厂土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,应特别重视Hg和Cd这两种重金属污染的治理.     

Assessment of metal contamination in soil banks of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria)

Levels of six trace metals were assessed in bank soils of the Rhumel wadi (Northeast Algeria) and their association with soil properties was investigated. Samples were collected at 10 sites. The soils are neutral to moderately alkaline, have high contents of carbonate, and are low in organic carbon and clay. Mean metal concentrations are 1.1 (Cd), 63 (Cr), 20 (Cu), 26 (Ni), 31 (Pb), and 98 (Zn) mg kg^?1. The Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents in soil from sites closest to Constantine City were higher than in uncontaminated soils worldwide, indicating accumulation due to human activities (residential, industrial, and agricultural). Statistical analyses (correlation and principal component analysis) demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and Zn are of anthropogenic origin in the urban areas, whereas Cr and Cu enrichment in some situations is caused by industrial activities, while Ni was geogenic.