宁夏汛期地质灾害气象预报预警模型研究

利用近20a宁夏地质灾害及降水资料分析了宁夏地质灾害分布规律,研究了降雨与地质灾害发生的关系,发现连续性降水、短时强降水和暴雨是造成地质灾害的主要气象诱因,并介绍了宁夏汛期地质灾害潜势预报模型及2004年试运行情况.     

极轨气象卫星资料在四川的应用前景

本文系统地介绍了极轨气象卫星及其区域性遥感资料处理系统。分析探讨了NOAA/AVHRR资料在四川省各非气象领域应用的可能性。     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.     

THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH: A SATISFACTORY MODEL OF WATERSHED RESPONSE?1

ABSTRACT: Some 96 flood events larger than the mean annual flood from 16 watersheds in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were used to derive unit hydrographs by the least-squares method. Analyses of the unit hydrographs were conducted to ascertain their response to watershed parameters, climatic and storm variables and locations within different hydrologic regions. Significant differences both within and among watersheds led to the formulation and testing of hypotheses stating that differences among watersheds are caused by physiographic differences while differences within watersheds result from climatic and storm differences. The analysis showed, that while many watersheds parameters strongly influence the shape of the unit hydrograph, only the storm variables duration and volume of precipitation excess produce significant differences. Seasonal differences were apparent but not proven statistically significant.     

OBSERVATION WELL NETWORK DESIGN FOR PUMPING TESTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for determining locations of observation wells to be used in conducting pumping tests in unconfined aquifers. Sensitivity coefficients, the distribution of relative errors, and the correlation coefficients between four aquifer parameters (horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities K_r and K_z, storage coefficient S, and specific yield S_y) are used as the criteria for the design of observation well networks and the interpretation of pumping tests. The contours of the relative errors over a vertical profile are very useful in selecting the “best” location of an observation well. Results from theoretical analyses suggest that a wide range of locations is suitable for the determination of K_r and that good locations for the determination of K_z and S may be poorly suited for the determination of S_y. Consideration must be given to the position and lengths of the pumping well screen in the selection of observation well locations. For a given location, the quality of test data can be improved by using high pumping rates and frequent sampling of drawdowns. We found that a minimum of two and preferably three observation locations are needed along a given transect. Results of the four parameters from a single well analysis may contain higher uncertainties. However, composite analyses of multiple observation wells can reduce the correlation between the four aquifer parameters, particularly between K_r and S_y, thus, improving the quality of parameter estimation. Results from two pumping tests conducted at sites located in Nebraska were examined with regard to the proposed methodology.     

安徽"两山一湖"区域气候特征及气象灾害分析

分析了安徽“两山一湖”区域独特的气候特征，在此基础上对该区域的主要气象灾害(暴雨与洪涝、雨淞、冰雹与大风、雾危害、低温冻害、干旱、雪灾)逐一进行了论述，指出了趋利避害、合理开发利用气候资源、保护“两山一湖”区域生态环境与旅游资源的重要性。     

座舱减压时间对应急供氧参数的影响

通过实验和理论计算的方法对座舱爆炸减压过程中压力变化进行了研究 ,推导了座舱减压时间的计算公式 ;并就座舱减压时间的变化对应急供氧参数进行了分析。结果表明 :减压时间与座舱的容积成正比 ,与爆炸孔的有效面积成反比 ;减压时间的不同 ,对爆炸减压峰值有影响 ,而对剩余压力、稳定值影响不大。研究结果为今后进行供氧系统的爆炸减压实验提供了依据     

2001年我国主要气象灾害综述

2001年，我国气象灾害频繁，干旱，台风，暴雨，沙尘暴，高温，冻害，雪灾等都有不同程度的发生，特别是干旱尤为严重，各种气象灾害给国民经济造成较大损失，本文就几种主要气象灾害的发生特点及影响进行分析和评述。     

近50年来陕甘宁边区气候变化及致灾效应分析

通过对陕甘宁边区近50年气温记录的分析，认为陕甘宁边区正在变暖变干，20世纪90年代至今暖干趋势加剧；极端事件尤其是干旱的强度、频率正在增强。针对陕甘宁边区气候脆弱变化趋势提出了环境建设对策。     

新庄煤矿井下出现不明雾气原因分析

根据新庄煤矿 1110 1进风巷出现不明雾气 ,笔者认为 ,研究和分析该雾气的成因及是否有毒 ,对煤矿安全生产和矿工的生命安全与健康至关重要。通过现场气象测定和实验室模拟试验 ,确定了雾气成因 ,经雾气发生地点采样分析 ,空气中未发现有毒气体。经实测分析和研究表明 ,进风巷雾气成因是 :当突然打开 1110 1工作面回风巷道中的调节风门时 ,巷道气压突然降低 ,空气膨胀 ,温度有所下降 ,使得空气中的水分凝结 ,从而形成雾气。通过实验室模拟实验再现了这一过程 ,表明对雾气现象的分析和研究的结果是正确的