广东地区求解环境剪应力场不同方法的常数值的确定

陈培善等推导了多个求解环境剪应力场0τ的公式,利用广东数字地震台网记录到的广东及邻近地区1999年以来163个ML2.0~5.2地震求解不同公式中的常数,假设广东地区环境剪应力场为5 M Pa,求得C3=-5.707,C4=4.678,C5=-0.259、C6=-5.91、C7=-12.01,C3~C7依次代表利用地震波辐射能量、拐角频率、震源峰值加速度、震源峰值速度或震源峰值位移求解0τ时所用到的常数。与其它地区的计算结果比较,显示不同地区的C4~C7较为接近,而C3相差较大。     

乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度时间变化特征及影响因素分析

利用乌鲁木齐市环境空气超级站中MAAP-5012型黑碳仪对乌鲁木齐市黑碳气溶胶进行连续一年的监测,并结合乌鲁木齐环境空气质量城市站小时数据和日数据及气象数据对黑碳气溶胶变化情况进行综合分析.结果 表明:2019年6月至2020年5月乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度日均值为1 506(±1 096) ng/m3,本底值为575 n...     

天津冬季两个典型污染过程高浓度无机气溶胶成因及来源分析

无机气溶胶是天津冬季霾天出现的主要成分,研究挑选了2020年1月污染天中两个典型的高浓度无机气溶胶（SIA）过程（CASE1和CASE2）,利用观测数据和耦合了在线污染物来源追踪方法的大气化学传输模式NAQPMS综合探究了气象要素、区域输送和化学过程的影响.两个过程的ρ（SIA）均值分别为76.8 μg·m^-3和66.0 μg·m^-3,硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐和铵盐,均为硝酸盐为主导的污染过程.气象条件影响了无机气溶胶的生成,CASE1过程ρ（SIA）>80 μg·m^-3对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[-6℃,0℃]、[2℃,4℃]和[50%,60%]、[80%,100%];CASE2过程对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[2℃,4℃]和[60%,70%].外来源对CASE1和CASE2过程SIA的平均贡献率为62.3%和22.1%,分别为区域传输主导和局地生成主导过程.CASE1本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为16.2 μg·m^-3和8.2 μg·m^-3,均高于外来源的贡献（31.7 μg·m^-3和8.8 μg·m^-3）;CASE2过程本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为29.3 μg·m^-3和25.1 μg·m^-3,而外来源的贡献为8.1 μg·m^-3和9.4 μg·m^-3.这表明CASE1本地生成和外来源输送贡献造成硝酸盐高于硫酸盐浓度,而CASE2仅本地源造成硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐.两个污染过程气相氧化反应是无机气溶胶生成的首要来源,贡献率分别为48.9%和57.8%;非均相反应也是重要过程,对SIA的贡献率分别为48.1%和42.2%;液相反应的影响小.     

中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制及其影响因子

在可持续发展大背景下,深入探究中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制并明确其影响因子,可为未来中国实现可持续发展目标提供一定的科学参考.运用趋势分析、耦合协调度、LMDI模型和最优参数地理探测器模型对中国生态环境质量与人类活动耦合机制进行探究和评价.结果发现:①在研究期间,中国耦合协调度、人类活动和生态环境质量均为增长趋势.人类活动和耦合协调度在空间上以胡焕庸线为界,呈现“东高西低”的分异规律.生态环境质量则表现出“南高北低”分异规律.②中国耦合协调类型转化的整体趋势为由低级向更高级的耦合协调类型转移.③基于最优参数地理探测器和LMDI模型分别发现,胡焕庸线以东绝大部分省区的耦合协调度其主导因子分别为社会经济因子和综合协调指数,该线以西绝大部分省区的耦合协调度主导因子分别为自然环境因子和耦合度.④评价人类活动变化对生态环境质量的影响,发现胡焕庸线以东主要为有利开发和有效保护类型,胡焕庸线以西主要为破坏开发和无效保护类型.胡焕庸线东西两侧地区应分别根据当地影响耦合协调度的先决条件以及人类活动和生态环境质量的相对关系,因地制宜选择优先发展地区,积极调整发展策略,走向生态环境质量与人类活动高级协调发展的可持续发展道路.     

船舶含油废水处理工程设计实例

采用酸化隔油-碱化混凝气浮-中和生物接触氧化法处理大连某港口船舶含油类废水,介绍各处理构筑物、工艺设备及相关设计参数。该工艺运行结果表明,处理后出水含油浓度低于5mg/L,COD浓度低于40mg/L,BOD浓度低于10mg/L,处理后出水满足中水水质使用标准。     

膜生物反应器设计中工艺参数的探讨

膜生物反应器工艺中 ,系统构型、膜组件和生物反应器是中试设计中的关键因素。对工艺中的设计依据、构型、膜组件和有机负荷、污泥浓度、固体停留时间、水力停留时间等生物反应器的技术参数进行了探讨 ,为膜生物反应器中试设计提供了帮助     

Emergency evacuation model assuming leakage of toxic substances in a chemical plant

Preparedness of emergency evacuation for the leakage of toxic substances in chemical plants is very important in order to reduce damage. In order to implement an emergency evacuation properly, it is necessary to comprehensively and concretely determine the conditions of the leakage and atmospheric conditions and predict the consequences of the dispersed gases. Repeated training for emergencies is also essential. In order to realize effective evacuation, a prediction model of the evacuation area that anyone can use to obtain the same results both accurately and promptly is developed in the present study. The prediction model is designed such that the wind speed and atmospheric conditions are automatically set, and the leakage rate is the only input parameter, so that anyone can use the model easily. In addition, the model can also predict the atmospheric parameters for up to 3 h and can calculate the evacuation distance so that smooth evacuation can be achieved for changing atmospheric conditions. Finally, the evacuation area is defined by statistically analysed wind fluctuations, and a series of emergency evacuation measures is implemented.     

Severity of passenger injuries on public buses: A comparative analysis of collision injuries and non-collision injuries

Introduction: Although public buses have been demonstrated as a relatively safe mode of transport, the number of injuries to public bus passengers is far from negligible. Existing studies of public bus safety have focused primarily on injuries caused by collisions. Surprisingly, limited effort has been devoted to identifying factors that increase the severity of passenger injuries in non-collision incidents. Method: Our study therefore investigated the injury risk of public bus passengers involved in collision incidents and non-collision incidents comparatively, based on a police-reported dataset of 17,383 passengers injured on franchised public buses over a 10-year period in Hong Kong. A random parameters logistic model was established to estimate the likelihood of fatal and severe injuries to passengers as a function of various factors. Results: Our results indicated substantial inconsistences in the effects of risk factors between models of non-collision injuries and collision injuries. The severity of passenger injuries tended to increase significantly when non-collision incidents occurred due to excessive speed of bus drivers, on double-decker buses, in less urbanized areas, in winter, in heavy rains, during daytime, and at night without street lighting. Elderly female passengers were also found more likely to be fatally or severely injured in non-collision incidents if they lost their balance while boarding, alighting from, or standing on a bus. In comparison, the following factors were associated with a greater likelihood of fatal or severe injuries in collision incidents: elderly female passengers, standing passengers who lost balance, buses out of driver control, double-decker buses, collisions with vehicles or objects, and less urbanized areas. Practical Applications: Based on our comparative analysis, more targeted countermeasures, namely “4E” (engineering, enforcement, emergency, and education) and “3A” (awareness, appreciation, and assistance), were recommended to mitigate collision injuries and non-collision injuries to public bus passengers, respectively.     

考虑岩土体剪胀特性的边坡稳定性分析*

为考虑岩土体剪胀特性对边坡稳定性的影响,基于非关联流动法则,利用等效内摩擦角的概念对原抗剪强度参数进行修正,以修正后的等效参数c*,φ*探讨剪胀角对岩土体强度的影响,结合传统强度折减法以及基于临界曲线的双系数折减法,求解基于修正后等效参数计算的边坡安全系数,并给出安全系数的取值方法。结果表明:采用等效参数来考虑剪胀角的影响是可行的;随剪胀角的增大安全系数增大,且增长速度变缓,剪胀角在0~25°范围内对安全系数的影响显著,在实际工程计算中需要考虑剪胀角对边坡稳定性的影响;基于临界曲线的双系数折减法可较为直观地体现出剪胀角的影响程度,在研究剪胀角对边坡稳定性的影响时可采用此方法进行分析。     

后藏地区与黄河三角洲典型城市臭氧浓度比较分析

后藏地区典型城市日喀则市和黄河三角洲典型城市东营市的大气首要污染物在2019年5—9月均为臭氧(O₃)。虽然日喀则市O₃超标天数少,但其年平均浓度高于东营市。两地地理气候、产业结构差异巨大,但O₃年均浓度非常接近。对日喀则市和东营市的O₃污染特征进行分析,并探讨O₃污染的影响因素。结果表明:后藏地区紫外辐射强烈,大气环境中O₃的本底浓度值较高;与东营市相比,日喀则市春季O₃浓度最高,全年最高值出现在5月,比东营市早1个月。NO₂对日喀则市O₃的生成影响有限,对东营市O₃的生成影响明显;PM_2.5对日喀则市O₃的生成影响较小,对东营市O₃的生成影响较明显;CO对日喀则市和东营市O₃的生成均有一定影响。超低湿度和长时间日照的气象环境有利于日喀则市O₃浓度的上升,高温、60%～70%的相对湿度和长时间日照的气象环境有利于东营市O₃浓度的上升。