太原地区大气污染物输送特征分析

使用太原地区历史气候资料讨论了太原市大气污染物向外输送的规律.通过对飞机航测、地面监测和低空同步气象观测资料的综合研究,对太原市大气污染物向太原盆地中、南部的输送通道和SO2向气溶胶转化等方面提出了进一步的认识.     

An in-situ method of identifying ingredients of zeotropic refrigerants by inversion problem technique

An inversion method is applied to identify ingredients of zeotropic refrigerants in a circular duct. In the case of low Reynolds number and constant fluid pressure, the temperature distribution of direct heat transfer problem can be solved numerically. The thermophysical parameters of zeotropic refrigerants are determined by using inversion problem technique, the ingredients of refrigerants can be identified eventually. An in-situ experimental apparatus was proposed and three test samples with different composition refrigerants were conducted in this study. The experiment results show that the relative error of ingredients identification can be limited within 8.33%.     

轨道交通车辆段火灾探测系统对比分析

作为轨道交通网中重要的组成部分,轨道交通车辆段如果发生火灾将直接影响着轨道列车的运行。因此,适用于轨道交通车辆段的火灾探测器对保障车辆段的消防安全至关重要。结合城市轨道交通车辆段结构及环境特点,选取了管路采样吸气式和双鉴成像式线性光束式等两种火灾探测器开展了实体火灾实验。实验对比分析了两种火灾探测器在不同火源工况下的响应情况并综合分析了两种火灾探测器的响应性能,从而为实际工程中轨道交通车辆段火灾探测器的选型及布置提供参考。     

Theoretical Analysis of Percussive Tests of Products

The goal of theoretical research is to establish parameters, which have to be given in standards for percussive tests of products. Those parameters are essential for each user to be able to construct identical (equivalent) testing equipment. This would ensure identical results for identical products.

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the distribution and the value of the forces generated during percussive collisions of two bodies. Elastic, plastic, and elastoplastic collisions are considered. Parameters determining the coefficient of restitution, the courses of energy, momenta, and the values of the forces in colliding elements are determined. The dynamic force acting on a product during a percussive test was studied.     

Explosibility of polyamide and polyester fibers

The current research is aimed at investigating the explosion behavior of hazardous materials in relation to aspects of particulate size. The materials of study are flocculent (fibrous) polyamide 6.6 (nylon) and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate). These materials may be termed nontraditional dusts due to their cylindrical shape which necessitates consideration of both particle diameter and length. The experimental work undertaken is divided into two main parts. The first deals with the determination of deflagration parameters for polyamide 6.6 (dtex 3.3) for different lengths: 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.9 mm and 1 mm; the second involves a study of the deflagration behavior of polyester and polyamide 6.6 samples, each having a length of 0.5 mm and two different values of dtex, namely 1.7 and 3.3. (Dtex or decitex is a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers. It is equivalent to the mass in grams per 10,000 m of a single filament, and can be converted to a particle diameter.) The explosibility parameters investigated for both flocculent materials include maximum explosion pressure (P_max), size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St), minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT). ASTM protocols were followed using standard dust explosibility test equipment (Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken as indicated by the following examples. Qualitative observation of the post-explosion residue for polyamide 6.6 indicated a complex interwoven structure, whereas the polyester residue showed a shiny, melt-type appearance. Quantitatively, the highest values of P_max and K_St were obtained at the shortest length and finest dtex for a given material. For a given length, polyester displayed a greater difference in P_max and K_St at different values of dtex than polyamide 6.6. Long ignition delay times were observed in the BAM oven (MIT measurements) for polyester, and video framing of explosions in the MIKE 3 apparatus (MIE measurements) enabled observation of secondary ignitions caused by flame propagation after the initial ignition occurring at the spark electrodes.     

2008～2017年北京市PM2.5周期性变化特征与影响机制

利用Morlet小波方法分析北京市2008~2017年PM_2.5资料,结果表明,北京市PM_2.5浓度存在显著的日变化、周变化、以及季节和年变化周期性特征,并且秋冬季的周期性特征显著高于春夏季.结合气象资料,包括水平风速、大气边界层高度、以及大气稳定度指数等,分析PM_2.5不同周期性变化对应的主要影响机制表明：大气边界层过程是PM_2.5日变化的主要影响机制,导致PM_2.5浓度白天低、夜间高.秋冬季PM_2.5日变化幅度高于春夏季;天气过程是PM_2.5周变化的主要机制,PM_2.5浓度与天气变化过程带来的风速变化和边界层高度呈强反相关关系;PM_2.5的季节变化与大气扩散能力的季节变化密切相关,秋冬季减弱的大气扩散能力加速了PM_2.5在近地面累积,春夏季则相反.     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的植物根系对人工基质水分特征曲线参数的影响

为了定量揭示绿色屋顶植物根系对人工基质水力特性的影响,选用两种景天属植物（垂盆草和佛甲草）及两种人工基质（珍珠岩和蛭石）进行水分及溶质运移实验,基于HYDRUS-1D模型反演人工基质水分特征曲线参数,以此分析植物根系所引起的人工基质水分特征曲线参数的变化.结果发现,植物根系使两种人工基质残余含水率θ_r降低、权重系数w增加.不同植物根系对两种人工基质饱和含水率θ_s的影响不同, 体现为垂盆草根系相较佛甲草根系对θ_s的影响范围更小.植物根系对人工基质吸力参数α₁、α₂的改变效应随人工基质种类发生变化,表现为珍珠岩基质α₁、α₂均因垂盆草根系得以提高、因佛甲草根系而降低,蛭石基质α₁、α₂则因植物根系分别降低和增加.研究结果可为绿色屋顶 植物-人工基质结构优化提供科学依据.     

Measuring direct and indirect treatment effects using safety performance intervention functions

Recent traffic safety research has advocated the use of the Full Bayes (FB) approach to conduct controlled before-after safety evaluations. The FB approach was shown to offer both methodological and data advantages. However, there is still a lack of complete understanding of the role that the model parameters play in the formulation of treatment effectiveness. This paper offers a novel approach to compute components related to direct and indirect treatment effects under a linear intervention model for the Safety Performance Function (SPF). The isolation of a component corresponding to the direct treatment effects enables the analyst to assess the effectiveness of the countermeasures apart from local (site-related) environmental factors. Two case studies are used to demonstrate the approach. The first case study is based on the results published from a previous safety evaluation in Iowa and the second uses a new data set from British Columbia based on the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia Road Improvement Program. The various direct and indirect components have yielded valuable insight into the effects of the model parameters on treatment impacts. Moreover, the calculation of the treatment effectiveness indices have been simplified by providing straightforward equations in terms of model parameters for the computation of their components without resorting to additional algorithms. More importantly, the results can have a significant impact on the economic evaluation of safety programs and countermeasures by allowing the calculation of collision modification factors (CMFs) that vary with time.     

周期性变温对紫色土有机碳矿化的影响

在自然状态下,土壤外界的环境温度日变化明显,并呈周期性波动,然而目前有关这种周期性变温如何影响土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化尚无统一观点.为此,以西南地区广泛分布的紫色土为供试对象,采用室内模拟培养的方法,开展周期性变温对其有机碳矿化的影响.培养试验涉及温度和水分两个因子,其中,温度设有4个模式,分别为3个恒温(15、20和25℃)、1个周期性变温(15/25℃变温);水分设有2个梯度,分别为70%WHC和淹水.在66 d培养期内,好气和淹水条件下,变温(15/25℃变温)培养的紫色土SOC累积矿化量和矿化强度与恒温20℃无明显差异,这表明可用20℃恒温来评估变温(15/25℃) SOC矿化的影响效应.此外,除恒温15℃,各温度处理均表现为淹水培养的紫色土有机碳累积矿化量显著高于好气(70%WHC)培养(P 0. 05).在变温条件下,土壤微生物量碳含量与紫色土有机碳矿化速率之间无显著相关.结合矿化动力学分析可知,淹水条件能有效增加紫色土的易分解碳库大小,但变温不能有效影响紫色土的易分解碳库大小.     

注重提高技术监管水平--做好环保现场监察工作

环境监察作为开展环境保护工作的一种主要执法手段,在确定排污单位是否达标排放、治污设施是否正常运转时,不能简单地依据污染治理设施排放情况做出结论,而应注重运用技术手段开展全过程监察。要做好新时期的环保监察工作,确保环境安全、改善环境质量、服务科学发展,仅靠工作激情、完善规章制度、明确科室职责是不够的,执法人员技术监管能力的高低直接影响环境违法行为的查处等监察工作的开展,为杜绝业务不熟悉、执法技能低和被疑受罚的现象发生,环保部门在完善内控机制与强化执法监督的同时,应注重培训执法人员技术监管水平,提高监察技能,充分运用技术手段开展环境执法监察工作,对及时发现和查处环境违法行为至关重要。