RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR KARST AQUIFERS: (1) ESTIMATING KARST CONDUIT-FLOW PARAMETERS

Quantitative ground-water tracing of conduit-dominated karst aquifers allows for reliable and practical interpretation of karst ground-water flow. Insights into the hydraulic geometry of the karst aquifer may be acquired that otherwise could not be obtained by such conventional methods as potentiometric-surface mapping and aquifer testing. Contamination of karst aquifers requires that a comprehensive tracer budget be performed so that karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters be obtained. Acquisition of these parameters is necessary for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport. A FORTRAN computer program for estimating total tracer recovery from tracer-breakthrough curves is proposed as a standard method. Estimated hydraulic-flow parameters include mean residence time, mean flow velocity, longitudinal dispersivity, Peclet number, Reynolds number, and Froude number. Estimated geometric parameters include karst conduit sinuous distance, conduit volume, cross-sectional area, diameter, and hydraulic depth. These parameters may be used to (1) develop structural models of the aquifer, (2) improve aquifer resource management, (3) improve ground-water monitoring systems design, (4) improve aquifer remediation, and (5) assess contaminant fate-and-transport. A companion paper demonstrates the use of these hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters in a surface-water model for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport in a karst conduit. Two ground-water tracing studies demonstrate the utility of this program for reliable estimation of necessary karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters.     

Kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis of Miscanthus × Giganteus from the thermogravimetric analysis of its fractionated components

In this paper the thermal behaviour of Miscanthus × Giganteus (M×G) is studied by thermogravimetric analysis. In order to characterise the thermal behaviour of its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the raw M×G material was treated sequentially by water, H₂SO₄ and KOH. The global kinetic parameters for each component were determined by subsequent modelling of the TG data with the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method and multivariate non-linear regression. It is found that the global pyrolysis of M×G can be satisfactorily described using a six steps-kinetic scheme. The analytical method proposed here can be probably extended without too many efforts to other biomass products. An erratum to this article can be found at     

焦化废水处理与工程试运行控制

介绍了焦化厂焦化废水的来源、水质特点及处理方式,介绍了采用的A/O2生化酚氰废水处理工艺,及该工艺在某公司废水处理过程中的试运行和控制.     

Analysis of Trophic Indices in Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Larvae from Two Geographic Populations

Specific features of larval feeding in two geographic populations of the gypsy moth are considered. It is shown that in larvae reared on an artificial diet, trophic indices depend on several factors, including the age and sex of larvae and the food plant on which the parental generation developed in nature. It is shown that larval micropopulations belonging to the same geographic population but feeding in nature on different plant species differ from each other to a greater extent than those of different geographic populations feeding on the same species.     

长三角冬季一次霾过程气溶胶及其水溶性离子的区域分布特征

为研究长江三角洲地区霾天水溶性离子的区域污染特征,于2013年1月18~24日使用Andersen气溶胶粒度分布采样器和离子色谱仪(850professional IC)对南京、苏州、杭州、宁波这4个城市和临安区域大气本底站的大气气溶胶质量浓度及水溶性离子进行了同期观测分析,并结合天气形势分析了长三角地区大范围霾天气的形成原因及水溶性离子的分布特征.结果表明,观测期间长三角处于高压以及高压前部,气压梯度较大时,低层大气有明显气流辐散,有利于污染物扩散;处于弱低压及弱高压的均压场形势下,并伴随有大气低层气流辐合现象时不利于污染物扩散.观测期间霾天气发展过程中,各监测点的大气颗粒物及其中水溶性离子(TWSS)增加显著;TWSS增加比例分别为杭州0.9%、临安4.2%、南京8.1%.二次离子SO2-4、NO3-、NH+4均为细模态(粒径2.1μm)分布,峰值有一个从0.43~0.65μm向0.65~1.1μm段迁移的过程,Ca2+、Mg2+在4.7~5.8μm出现峰值,Na+、Cl-、K+则呈双模态分布.各监测点TWSS中的二次无机离子SNA(NH+4、SO2-4和NO3-)浓度上升较快,上升百分比分别为杭州3%、临安55%、南京64.9%;SO2-4在SNA中所占比例最大,可达45%;各监测点NO3-/SO2-4的比值均大于固定源NO3-/SO2-4(0.5)比值,可能说明流动源在区域污染过程中对颗粒物的贡献相对较大.     

An Investigation of Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Hazelnut Shells

Turkey has a drastic potential in terms of biomass energy and it would be of utmost importance for our energy mix if this huge amount of energy is to be utilized. Thermochemical conversion is the most dominant one among the energy conversion processes. The carbonization process is the key point in determining the kinetic parameters of the fuels utilized. Thereafter, the kinetic parameters obtained from carbonization would be utilized in designing the thermochemical conversion equipments. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of hazelnut shells was investigated via dynamical thermogravimetry (TG) under N₂ atmosphere. In order to determine the effects of heating rate and gas flow rate, the experiments were performed in four different heating rates of 5, 20, 50, and 100 K/min and two different nitrogen flow rates of 50 and 100 cm³/min. As the heating rate was increased, peak temperature was increased, maximum temperature shifted to the right (higher T zones) and the maximum rate of weight loss was increased. In addition, lignin decomposition temperature interval was decreased whereas; cellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 K/min, hemicellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Total weight loss was slightly increased by the increase of gas flow rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Coats Redfern method. It was found that activation energies of thermal decomposition reactions of hazelnut shell varied between 1.30 and 32.19 kJ/mol.     

北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

北京2012~2013年的冬春多次出现雾霾天气,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)污染严重.而PM2.5作为PM10中粒径较小的部分,在PM10中所占比重越高,污染越严重.因此,本研究选取了能够覆盖北京所有区县的30个PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度监测点,对该地区的PM2.5和PM10污染特征进行分析,确定其空间差异特征和时间性变化特征.普通克里格插值(Original Kriging)法得到的北京地区冬、春季颗粒物浓度分布图显示,颗粒物浓度从北部山区到南部地区逐渐递增,在中心城区处,西部高于东部,且局部地区存在一定的城乡差异.颗粒物浓度月变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,1月最高,4月最低;逐日变化反映了PM2.5和PM10浓度具有较好的相关性,且受气象条件影响显著;日变化呈双峰趋势.本文选取日平均气温(℃)、相对湿度(%)、风速(风级)、降水量(mm)等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析研究各个气象因子对大气PM2.5和PM10浓度的影响.北京冬季PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度分别与气温、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关,风速和相对湿度是影响污染物质量浓度分布的主要因素.     

The effect of spindle speed,feed-rate and machining time to the surface roughness and burr formation of Aluminum Alloy 1100 in micro-milling operation

This paper describes the characteristics and the cutting parameters performance of spindle speeds (n, rpm) and feed-rates (f, mm/s) during three interval ranges of machining times (t, minutes) with respect to the surface roughness and burr formation, by using a miniaturized micro-milling machine. Flat end-mill tools that have two-flutes, made of solid carbide with Mega-T coated, with 0.2 mm in diameter were used to cut Aluminum Alloy AA1100. The causal relationship among spindle speeds, feed-rates, and machining times toward the surface roughness was analyzed using a statistical method ANOVA. It is found that the feed-rate (f) and machining time (t) contribute significantly to the surface roughness. Lower feed-rate would produce better surface roughness. However, when machining time is transformed into total cut length, it is known that a higher feed-rate, that consequently giving more productive machining since produce more cut length, would not degrade surface quality and tool life significantly. Burr occurrence on machined work pieces was analyzed using SEM. The average sizes of top burr for each cutting parameter selection were analyzed to find the relation between the cutting parameters and burr formation. In this research, bottom burr was found. It is formed in a longer machining time compare the formation of top burr, entrance burr and exit burr. Burr formation is significantly affected by the tool condition, which is degrading during the machining process. This knowledge of appropriate cutting parameter selection and actual tool condition would be an important consideration when planning a micro-milling process to produce a product with minimum burr.     

2005～2012年我国较重雷电灾害特征分析及服务探讨

根据全国雷电灾害汇编和中国气象灾害年鉴中的雷电资料,对全国2005 ～2012年较重雷电灾害的总体特征、时空分布及灾损情况,并对如何做好防雷减灾气象服务工作进行了探讨.结果表明,较重雷电灾害数目及造成的人员伤亡和直接经济损失在2005年之后总体呈下降趋势;其高发区主要位于江西、湖南和云南等地,与一般的雷电灾害分布存在差异;雷电近年来造成的人员死亡和直接经济损失逐年下降,在历年闪电次数并无明显减少的情况下,说明我国防雷减灾取得显著成效.     

连云港市PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析研究

主要利用连云港市环境监测中心站的大气环境自动监测平台的监测数据,对PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征以及与气象要素的关系分析。结果表明,连云港市的PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征基本上有明显的夏季与非夏季两种季节性特征。在夏季,PM2.5污染程度较轻,而在非夏季,PM2.5污染程度较重;风速与PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线几乎是负相关的。当风速大的时候,利于污染物的扩散;而风速小的时候,容易使得污染物浓度变大;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与温度的关系几乎呈现的是正相关性。气温的变化不总是反映空气质量的好坏情况,而逆温却易使污染物浓度升高;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与相对湿度的关系呈现的是正相关性;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与气压的关系在总体是呈负相关的。