餐厨垃圾厌氧消化运行试验研究

采用猪粪厌氧消化的消化污泥为接种物,在中温(37℃)条件下,以连续进料的方式对餐厨垃圾的湿式厌氧消化进行了启动以及运行试验,监测整个实验过程中产气量、pH、VFA、碱度等能够反映厌氧消化的系统指标。结果表明:本实验中系统最佳有机负荷为2.8 kg/(m~3·d)(以VS计),超过此负荷后,依靠系统自身恢复和人工调节,pH很难恢复正常运行状态。正常运行过程中,pH稳定在7.5~8.0,VFA稳定在2 000 mg/L左右,碱度在6 000~9 000 mg/L,氨氮在1 500~2 000 mg/L,底物含水率为96%~98%。系统超负荷运行后,产气量和pH下降,VFA浓度上升,碱度、氨氮、含水率基本保持稳定。     

极低风速条件下水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率分析

薄边界层理论被广为用来计算水-气界面气体通量,而气体传输速率(k600)则是其中的关键性环境因子.为了研究极低风速下小型浅水湿地水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率,以宜昌饮用水水库梅子垭水库和周邻5个富营养化池塘为研究对象,采用静态通量箱进行了为期一年的水-气界面甲烷气体通量观测,同步监测了水环境因子和气象因子.野外监测时的风速(U10)范围为0~0.75 m·s~(-1),平均值约为0.19 m·s~(-1);水温(Tw)变化范围为6.3~30.9℃,平均值约为19.3℃.结果表明,梅子垭水库和周边5个池塘水-气界面甲烷气体传输速率较小,在0.20~1.99 cm·h~(-1)之间变化,平均值约为0.50 cm·h~(-1).本研究利用表层水温和风速指标两个参数的双二次项模型和二次项加幂函数模型,回归得到了气体传输速率的数学公式,回归结果与原始数据和对k600进行深度平均(bin-averaged)后的数据均存在极显著性关系.     

红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制及其驯化

红霉素是一类具有一定生物毒性的抗生素类药品,为探明红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制作用及其可驯化能力,依次在厌氧瓶中进行厌氧毒性试验、在升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中进行连续实验,测定累计甲烷产量、相对产甲烷速率、COD去除率、甲烷含量.结果表明,红霉素为150 mg.L-1时产甲烷速率降为56.1%;250 mg.L-1时反应速率降低99%以上,活性受到完全抑制.保持红霉素投加量为20 mg.L-1连续运行60 d,COD去除率、甲烷含量可达到81.4%、64.2%.红霉素对甲烷菌有抑制作用,半抑制浓度为150 mg.L-1.甲烷菌对红霉素有一定的驯化能力,驯化60 d后COD去除率、甲烷含量较未驯化时可提高15.13%、22.05%.     

四川德阳地区龙风水库西岸滑坡稳定性分析及防治

本文在对四川德阳地区龙凤水库西岸滑坡的地质地貌条件及变形迹象进行深入调查的基础上,对该滑坡的主要成因及稳定性进行了分析与评价,并有针对性地提出了工程防治方案。研究表明,疏松透水的土层、较强的降雨以及人类耕作活动是导致滑坡发生的主要因素。在天然状态下该滑坡稳定或基本稳定;在天然+地震状态下,该滑坡欠稳定或不稳定;在连续高强度降雨状态下,该滑坡不稳定。故采取截、排水及抗滑桩等工程措施是防治该滑坡的有效方案。     

生活垃圾填埋场甲烷自然减排的新途径:厌氧与好氧的共氧化作用

采用暴雨过后垃圾填埋表层30～60 cm的覆土、表层1.5 m以下的垃圾,以及刚刚开挖出来的9年矿化垃圾进行硫酸盐还原菌阳性反应试验,结果表明生活垃圾填埋体不同填埋层都存在不同数量级的硫酸盐还原菌,且底层矿化垃圾中的硫酸盐还原菌的数量最多,表层覆土中最少.颗粒大小比例为50%:50%的垃圾样品表现出最佳的甲烷好氧与厌氧...     

Methanotrophic community structure of aged refuse and its capability for methane bio-oxidation

Aged refuse from waste landfills closed for eight years was examined and found to contain rich methanotrophs capable of biooxidation for methane. Specially, community structure and methane oxidation capability of methanotrophs in the aged refuse were studied. The amount of methanotrophs ranged 61.97 103–632.91 103 cells/g (in dry basis) in aged refuse from Shanghai Laogang Landfill. Type I and II methanotrophs were found in the aged refuse in the presence of sterilized sewage sludge and only Type I methanotrophs were detected in the presence of nitrate minimal salt medium (NMS). The clone sequences of the pmoA gene obtained from the aged refuse were similar to the pmoA gene of Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, and Methylocystis, and two clones were distinct with known genera of Type I methanotrophs according to phylogenetic analysis. Aged refuse enriched with NMS was used for methane biological oxidation and over 93% conversions were obtained.     

Effect of C/N ratio, aeration rate and moisture content on ammonia and greenhouse gas emission during the composting

Gaseous emission (N₂O, CH₄ and NH₃) from composting can be an important source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas and air pollution. A laboratory scale orthogonal experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of C/N ratio, aeration rate and initial moisture content on gaseous emission during the composting of pig faeces from Chinese Ganqinfen system. The results showed that about 23.9% to 45.6% of total organic carbon (TOC) was lost in the form of CO₂ and 0.8% to 7.5% of TOC emitted as CH₄. Most of the nitrogen was lost in the form of NH₃, which account for 9.6% to 32.4% of initial nitrogen. N₂O was also an important way of nitrogen losses and 1.5% to 7.3% of initial total nitrogen was lost as it. Statistic analysis showed that the aeration rate is the most important factor which could affect the NH₃ (p = 0.0189), CH₄ (p = 0.0113) and N₂O (p = 0.0493) emissions significantly. Higher aeration rates reduce the CH₄ emission but increase the NH₃ and N₂O losses. C/N ratio could affect the NH₃ (p = 0.0442) and CH₄ (p = 0.0246) emissions significantly, but not the N₂O. Lower C/N ratio caused higher NH₃ and CH₄ emissions. The initial moisture content can not influence the gaseous emission significantly. Most treatments were matured after 37 days, except a trial with high moisture content and a low C/N ratio.     

Preliminary report on methane emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the summer drainage period

Considerable variations may exist in CH4 emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

小型燃煤工业锅炉NO_x形成与释放规律模拟研究

NOx是我国十二五期间重点控制的污染物,燃煤工业锅炉是其重要来源。为了研究燃煤工业锅炉NOx的形成与释放规律,在实验室模拟了不同煤种的燃烧过程。采用原煤/焦炭燃烧法分别研究挥发分氮和焦炭氮生成NOx的反应,探讨燃料型NOx的形成与释放规律,并解释试验模拟条件下燃煤NOx产污系数和现场实测值的差异。结果表明,试验中烟煤、无烟煤、煤焦的NO转化率平均值分别为25.77%,22.17%和11.98%,产污系数平均值分别为4.31,5.08和2.00kg/t,高于现场实测结果核算值。燃煤工业锅炉NOx以燃料型为主,燃料型NOx的形成和释放是一个复杂的多相反应过程,由挥发分氮的氧化还原反应和焦炭氮的氧化还原反应组成,煤种、温度、空气流量、粒径、氧含量等因素对4种反应各自影响及影响程度并不相同。     

提高煤层气采收率的CO2埋存技术

作为常规油气重要接替补充的非常规天然气,煤层气越来越受到世人的关注.如何提高煤层气采收率是摆在煤层气开发工程师面前迫切需要解决的技术难题.通过向煤层中注入CO2,既可以提高煤层气采收率又能间接地实现CO2减排,即提高煤层气采收率的CO2埋存技术(CO2-ECBM).该项技术已在世界各地迅速发展,并取得一些实质性进展.文...