Starch, Poly(lactic acid), and Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blends

Research on biodegradable materials has been stimulated due to concern regarding the persistence of plastic wastes. Blending starch with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most promising efforts because starch is an abundant and cheap biopolymer and PLA is biodegradable with good mechanical properties. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) contains unhydrolytic residual groups of poly(vinyl acetate) and also has good compatibility with starch. It was added to a starch and PLA blend (50:50, w/w) to enhance compatibility and improve mechanical properties. PVOH (M_W 6,000) at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% (by weight) based on the total weight of starch and PLA, and 30% PVOH at various molecular weights (M_W 6,000, 25,000, 78,000, and 125,000 dalton) were added to starch/PLA blends. PVOH interacted with starch. At proportions greater than 30%, PVOH form a continuous phase with starch. Tensile strength of the starch/PLA blends increased as PVOH concentration increased up to 40% and decreased as PVOH molecular weight increased. The increasing molecular weight of PVOH slightly affected water absorption, but increasing PVOH concentration to 40% or 50% increased water absorption. Effects of moisture content on the starch/PLA/PVOH blend also were explored. The blend containing gelatinized starch had higher tensile strength. However, gelatinized starch also resulted in increased water absorption.     

PW_(12)/g-C_3N_4光催化降解甲基橙

采用浸渍法制备了磷钨酸(PW12)/g-C3N4复合光催化剂,并将其用于溶液中甲基橙的光催化降解,运用IR技术对使用前后的光催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示,PW12和g-C3N4的结构未在浸渍负载中发生改变,且PW12和g-C3N4结合牢固。实验结果表明:最佳的PW12负载量(光催化剂中PW12的质量分数)为50%;光催化降解甲基橙的优化反应条件为初始甲基橙质量浓度5 mg/L、光催化剂加入量0.6 g/L、初始溶液p H=7;在优化条件下,分别采用紫外光、模拟太阳光、可见光照射120 min后,甲基橙的降解率分别为96.59%,82.23%,42.78%;该光催化剂固载良好,使用中不易发生溶脱,稳定性好,可重复使用。     

Zn-TiO_2纳米管的光催化活性

采用水热合成-浸渍法制备锌掺杂TiO2纳米管（Zn-TiO2纳米管）,透射电镜照片显示Zn-TiO2纳米管为两端开口形貌均一的中空管状结构,管径约6～8 nm,壁厚约1 nm,长度约50～200 nm。研究了Zn-TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化性能,结果表明：掺杂适量锌提高了TiO2纳米管对甲基橙的光催化降解性能,0.4%Zn-TiO2纳米管的光催化性能最佳。同时还探讨了Zn-TiO2纳米管用量和初始pH值等因素对光催化降解甲基橙的影响,结果显示Zn-TiO2纳米管能有效地降解甲基橙。随着光催化反应进行,CODCr去除率和脱色率变化规律不完全相同,可能是由于芳基和烷基降解速率不同所致。     

禾谷孢囊线虫侵染对小麦根部防御酶的影响

以抗禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae Wollenweber,cereal cyst nematode,CCN)小麦品系‘E-10’和易感材料‘中国春’为材料,通过人工接种禾谷孢囊线虫二龄幼虫,并在接种线虫后测定根部防御酶苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)和脂氧合酶(LOX)活力变化,研究抗感性材料对线虫侵染后防御酶的响应,以了解作物的抗虫机制.结果发现,‘E-10’和‘中国春’防御酶活力变化存在显著差异,‘E-10’在线虫侵染后6 h,LOX酶活增强,在24 h达到最大值,酶活变化比‘中国春’迅速,暗示‘E-10’启动线虫防御反应更为有效直接.此外,发现小麦在接种线虫后会引起邻近未接种植株根部防御酶活力变化.‘E-10’在接种线虫后12 h,其接触组未接种材料根部PAL酶活增加0.9倍,LOX酶活增加1.1倍,并且‘E-10’未接种植株的酶活变化比‘中国春’更迅速,幅度更剧烈.表明可能有某些气态或挥发性物质参与了小麦防御线虫侵染过程,并且这种现象在抗感材料间差异显著.使用茉莉酸甲酯处理‘E-10’和‘中国春’,小麦根部PAL和LOX酶活并未产生与接触接种线虫材料相一致的变化,表明该气态或挥发性物质并非茉莉酸甲酯.     

鱼体甲基汞的萃取富集和测定

研究了苯萃取和半胱氨酸滤纸富集再用苯洗脱的方法,使鱼肉中甲基汞得到富集和提取。建立了气相色谱测定甲基汞的方法并对所建立的方法进行评价。结果表明:加标回收率为87.10%～105.69%;变异系数为2.93%。符合要求,大量样品实验表明,该方法适用于痕量甲基汞的提取和分析。     

Neighborhood Level Spatial Analysis of the Relationship Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Criminal Violence

Misuse of alcohol is a significant public health problem, potentially resulting in unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes, drownings, and, perhaps of greatest concern, serious acts of violence, including assaults, rapes, suicides, and homicides. Although previous research establishes a link between alcohol consumption increased levels of violence, studies relating the density of alcohol outlets (e.g., restaurants, bars, liquor stores) and the likelihood of violent crime have been less common. In this paper we test for such a relationship at the small area level, using data from 79 neighborhoods in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota. We adopt a fully Bayesian point of view using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computational methods as available in the popular and freely available WinBUGS language. Our models control for important covariates (e.g., neighborhood racial heterogeneity, age heterogeneity) and also account for spatial association in unexplained variability using conditionally autoregressive (CAR) random effects. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between alcohol outlet density and violent crime, while also permitting easy mapping of neighborhood-level predicted and residual values, the former useful for intervention in the most at-risk neighborhoods and the latter potentially useful in identifying covariates still missing from the fixed effects portion of the model.     

离子交换膜应用于光/电/化学协同催化反应器

在光/电/化学协同催化反应器中,以离子交换膜代替盐桥连通阴、阳两室,以30 mg/L的甲基红溶液为目标降解物,考察了不同连通方式、初始pH和阴极电位对反应的影响. 结果表明:甲基红在阳离子膜型反应器中的表观反应速率常数明显高于盐桥型及阴离子交换膜型反应器,这是由于阳离子交换膜可以及时有效地将阳极室中产生的H+转移至阴极室中参与阴极反应. 甲基红在阳离子膜型反应器中的去除率随溶液初始pH的增高而降低,随阴极电位的增加先增大后减小,最佳反应条件为pH=2.0～3.0,阴极电位(-E_c)=0.6 V.      

糠醛渣对水中甲基橙的吸附性能

为了探究糠醛生产中的废料糠醛渣对水体中甲基橙的吸附性能和吸附机制,利用FT-IR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和SEM（扫描电镜）对糠醛渣的结构特性进行表征,浅析糠醛渣对甲基橙的吸附机制;通过模拟试验,考察了吸附剂用量、pH、吸附时间和温度等因素对糠醛渣吸附甲基橙过程的影响;采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型,进一步探讨了糖醛渣吸附机制.结果表明:①糠醛渣结构疏松多孔,表面具有丰富的官能团,有利于吸附.②糠醛渣能高效吸附水中甲基橙,在温度为293 K、pH为4~9、吸附剂用量为0.2 g时,糠醛渣对400 mg/L的甲基橙吸附效果最好;吸附过程在60 min左右达到平衡,并且较好地符合准二级动力学模型（R2=0.999 9）;吸附量随温度的升高而减少,表明该吸附过程为放热过程;在293 K时最大理论吸附量为54.35 mg/g,吸附数据更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型（R2=0.993 3）,表明糠醛渣对甲基橙的吸附主要为单层吸附.③糠醛渣可再生重复利用,吸附甲基橙后的糠醛渣用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液进行解吸再生试验,第5次使用时对甲基橙仍然具有较好的吸附效果.研究显示,糠醛渣在室温条件下、较宽的pH范围内能快速高效地吸附水中的甲基橙,并且重复利用性好,是一种在偶氮染料废水处理中具有发展前景的廉价、可再生生物质吸附材料.      

Effect of bioethanol and thermal barrier coating on the performance of dual fuel engine operating on Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and producer gas induction

Alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels as they are renewable, biodegradable; provide energy security and foreign exchange saving besides addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues as well. Renewable fuels can be used predominantly as fuel for both transportation and power generation applications. Improved engine performance with reduced engine exhaust emissions is a major research objective in engine development. Today, the use of biomass derived producer gas is more relevant for addressing rural power generation and is a promising technique for controlling both nitric oxide (NO_x) and soot emission levels. In view of this, exhaustive experiments on the use of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME)–Producer gas in a dual fuel engine have been carried out with an intension of improving its fuel efficiency. This paper mainly presents results on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode using HOME–Producer gas combination with and without bio-ethanol addition and thermal barrier coating (TBC). Further, the results were compared with diesel–producer gas mode of operation. Experimental investigation on dual fuel operation using HOME+5% bioethanol (BE5)–Producer gas operation with TBC showed 12.35% increased brake thermal efficiency with decreased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and increased NO_x emission levels compared to HOME–Producer gas mode of operation.     

催化燃烧处理有机废气及催化剂中毒的防止

研究了在Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｅ多组分蜂窝状催化剂上乙醇、环己烷和苯的氧化性能及水蒸气对催化剂活性的影响,探讨了如何防止硫化氢和甲硫醇引起的催化剂中毒。