积极开发“城市矿山” 全面协调发展循环经济

从金属资源回收循环利用出发,把城市比喻成为一座储有优良矿产资源的＂城市矿山＂加以开发,寻求矿物资源,是经济社会可持续发展的必然选择。＂城市矿山＂比天然形成的真正矿山更具开发价值,关键是如何科学有序、有效地开发＂城市矿山＂,需要国家有关部门指导、规划和资金投入的支持。     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

行为实验视角下煤矿员工不安全行为路径分析

面对煤矿事故频发现状,立足矿井安全实际生产困难,深入探索矿工不安全行为影响因素。研究表明,煤矿安全事故中,员工不安全行为是导致事故发生的主要原因。通过建立实验平台模拟煤矿员工工作现场,比较不同文化程度的矿工不安全行为发生率以及安全文化教育后矿工不安全行为发生率趋势。对比发现,文化程度越高的员工的不安全行为发生次数不一定越低,且安全文化教育的刺激作用具有保质期。     

基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法在矿井通风系统优化中的应用

根据最小能量原理,采用平衡图调节法解决矿井通风网络中风压不平衡的问题,建立矿井通风网络优化模型。根据矿山基本情况和平衡图原理绘制出通风网络"平衡图",采用不同的变换方法使得"平衡图"真正达到平衡,进而得出不同的优化调节方案,并进行风压平衡的验证。应用最小能量原理选出能耗最低的调节方案。并且,运用基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法解决了矿山的实际问题,结果表明,运用该方法能形象直观地反映出风量、风压及功率之间的关系,在解决通风网络中风压不平衡问题的同时,既形象直观,又使得经济费用最低,保证矿山安全高效生产。     

Retrospective future proofing of a copper mine: Quantification of errors and omissions in ‘As-built’ documentation

The electrical instrumentation control systems (EICS) ‘As-built’ documentations of a copper mine were found to possess a significant errors and omissions, which hindered the asset owner’s ability to undertake effective and efficient operations and maintenance. A Systems Information Model (SIM) was used to retrospectively create a connected system to ensure all physical equipment and the associated connections that were constructed are modelled in an object-orientated database. In creating the SIM, the existing errors and omissions in the ‘As-built’ documentation were quantified, and cost savings that could be achieved for a future planned copper mine, with a similar design, were identified. The limitations of using conventional computer-aided-design (CAD) to design and document EICS are discussed. It is recommended that retrospectively creating a SIM can provide owners and operators with significant productivity benefits as well as ensure the asset’s integrity. The case study presented provides asset owners and operators with the empirical evidence to challenge conventional thinking surrounding the design, engineering and documentation of EICS using CAD and alternatively consider the use of SIM.     

煤矸石堆场Fe、Mn迁移累积效应研究

通过对贵州织金典型煤矿区矸石堆场周边地表水体及耕地进行调查与采样分析,探讨了煤矸石堆场Fe、Mn元素迁移对周边地表水体及耕地累积效应的影响。研究结果表明:受煤矸石堆场酸性排水的影响,煤矸石堆场周边溪沟水Fe、Mn含量分别达0.81~32.14mg/L、1.17~8.42mg/L,超过"集中式生活饮用水地表水源地标准"限值的3~107、12~84倍。堆场周边旱作土中Fe、Mn含量分别达63 530~85 990mg/kg、243.1~910.1mg/kg,水稻土达46 940~75 810mg/kg、144.5~409.1mg/kg,Fe、Mn累积指数旱作土分别达1.61、2.97,水稻土分别达1.24、1.33。随着与堆场距离的增大,水稻土Fe、Mn含量逐步降低,在500m范围内Fe降低了35%,Mn降低了61%,而旱作土变化规律不明显。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿及浸出过程中重金属形态分析研究

研究嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对铅锌硫化矿尾矿重金属离子的生物浸出和重金属形态变化有助于了解生物浸出作用的过程变化.通过考察生物浸出体系中不同的矿浆浓度对pH值和浸出尾矿重金属的影响,探究生物浸出过程的重金属形态变化情况.结果表明,生物浸出作用对pH值和尾矿重金属的浸出影响巨大,随着矿浆浓度的增加,pH值下降速率呈现先升高后降低、重金属浸出率也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最佳的生物浸出矿浆浓度为50 g·L~(-1),Fe和Zn的最佳浸出率分别为85.45%和97.85%.重金属形态分析表明,生物浸出作用对尾矿重金属形态变化产生巨大的影响,随着浸出时间的延长,重金属形态逐渐改变,首先易迁移的重金属被生物浸出,然后稳定的重金属也逐渐被生物浸出.     

浅谈煤矿行业利用煤层气发电的节能减排效果

介绍了煤层气的基本概念,及其由于爆炸在煤矿行业所造成的危害.结合某煤矿利用煤层气发电的实例,总结了煤层气发电可以降低各种污染物排放,实现经济、安全、环保“三效合一”,节能减排效果明显.     

无火焰原子吸收法测定岩矿及煤——金聚团中Pt和Pd

采用Ｃ４１０哌啶树脂分离除去溶液中的贱金属元素,痕量贵金属Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ被定量吸附,交换最佳酸度为０．５－１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ介质,树脂的Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ用３％硫脲－０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ热溶液定量脱脱。本法可用于岩矿和煤－金聚团（ＣＧＡ）焙灰中基本元素的分离,测定痕量Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ。     

全面质量管理在煤矿安全管理中的应用

叙述了在煤矿安全管理中运用全面质量管理的方法,如实行全员、全方位、全过程的管理等。提出了搞好全面质量管理的措施。