基于资源-技术-环境的高技术城市矿产战略性筛选

城市矿产中蕴含大量的高技术矿产,它们是战略性新兴产业发展的关键原材料。本文从中国国情出发,界定了涵盖新能源技术、通讯设备、交通工具、电池、电器电子产品等5大类共计27种高技术城市矿产,从资源、技术、环境三个维度设计了11项指标,对高技术城市矿产进行战略性筛选;并通过半定量化不确定性分析方法确定研究结果的可靠性。结果显示:(1)从资源-技术两维度看,电器电子产品用电池资源指数高,且技术相对成熟;动力汽车电池资源指数值略低,但未来开发潜力大。(2)从资源-环境两维度看,电池是拆解处置重点。(3)从资源-技术-环境三维度来看,高技术城市矿产可以分为四个梯队:高资源指数、高技术指数、高环境指数的"三高"梯队,包括EEE用镍氢电池、EEE用镍镉电池、EEE用锂离子电池;中高资源指数、中高技术指数、中高环境指数的"三中高"梯队,包括手机和动力汽车电池;低资源指数、低技术指数、中高环境指数的"二低一中高"梯队,包括风涡轮机、荧光灯、动力汽车永磁电机和电话机;资源指数、技术指数、环境指数都相对较低的"三低"梯队,包括电器电子产品和光伏电板。此外,随着时间的推移,筛选结果会发生动态变化,因此高技术城市矿产的战略性筛选是一个持续动态的评估过程,需要建立与之相适应的"开发一批、储备一批、谋划一批"的动态管理系统。基于研究结论,本文从高技术城市矿产的基础数据库建立、重点开发目录制定与调整、在线回收与交易平台构建、拆解技术储备以及可持续供应体系建立等方面提出了建议。     

Bioaccumulation of cobalt,digestive enzyme activities,and growth of freshwater catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), fed cobalt-supplemented diets

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of excess dietary cobalt (Co) on its bioaccumulation, on digestive enzyme activities, and on the growth of freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Four isonitrogenous diets (average crude protein: 32.7%) were formulated to prepare a control diet (T1) with no Co, and three Co-supplemented diets with 0.05 (T2), 0.1 (T3), and 1.0 (T4)% Co. The results showed that H. fossilis fed with T3 diet showed maximum apparent protein digestibility, feed conversion, protein utilization, and growth. Protease and lipase activities were also maximum in T3 diet. Accumulation of Co in different soft and hard tissues of the fish did not show any correlation with the level of Co in the diet. The concentration of Co in the water increased with its dietary level, being at an alarming level at 1.0% dietary Co. It is concluded that an additional supply of dietary Co up to a level of 0.1% is a viable option to augment growth of the catfish H. fossilis, but at higher levels of Co it may be detrimental to the fish and the aquatic ecosystem.     

废矿物油处置的环境问题

废矿物油处置方法较多，但目前处置工艺较原始，大部分不能满足环境保护有关法律法规的要求。通过对几种处置工艺的比较，笔者提出一套可以达到环保要求的处置工艺路线，并强调废矿物油的有效处置，首先应加强对产废企业的宣传教育，在教育的基础上，严格监督管理，作到从源头控制废矿物油，这样才能达到全过程监控废矿物油，实现危险废物的安全处置的目的，保证环境安全。     

矿产资源开发的外部性最优化研究——以湖南湘西州钒矿开发为例

本文从生态安全角度提出了矿产资源开发应遵循可持续发展的理念,并结合外部性理论,运用生态足迹和生态演替理论模型量化矿产资源开发外部性最优化时的生态承载力关系,通过对湖南湘西州钒矿开采区进行实证研究,推导出湘西州钒矿开发外部性最优条件下的生态承载力平衡等式以及开矿条件,即同时达到社会经济效益和环境保护最优化的条件。该研究可为探讨实现矿产资源开发外部性最优化的路径提供借鉴。     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

利用in vitro方法研究不同铁矿对土壤砷生物可给性的影响

为了研究不同铁矿物对土壤砷生物可给性的影响,利用PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、SBRC(solubility bioaccessibility research consortium assay)和IVG(in vitro gastrointestinal extraction)这3种in vitro方法研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对土壤砷在胃与小肠阶段生物可给性的影响以及砷形态转化对砷的生物可给性影响机制.结果表明,添加1%水铁矿时,根据PBET、SBRC和IVG这3种in vitro方法,胃阶段砷的生物可给性分别为2.22%、5.11%和7.43%,小肠阶段砷的生物可给性分别为3.39%、2.33%和6.18%;当投加量提高到2%时,各阶段砷的生物可给性都显著降低(P0.05).3种in vitro方法,在不同铁矿物投加量相同条件下,相比于空白对照组(CK),砷的生物可给性降低幅度大小依次为:水铁矿(F1)针铁矿(G1)赤铁矿(H1)(F2G2H2).3种in vitro方法中可交换态和专属吸附态砷总量(F1+F2)同胃阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,依据PBET、SBRC和IVG法,相关系数分别为r=0.93,P=0.002、r=0.90,P=0.004和r=0.89,P=0.006;F1+F2同小肠阶段砷的生物可给性呈正相关性,PBET和IVG法的相关系数分别为r=0.94,P=0.001和r=0.87,P=0.009,而SBRC法则表现为没有相关性.同样,3种in vitro方法中都表现出无定型铁结合态砷(F3)与胃阶段砷的生物可给性有显著负相关性,而与小肠阶段砷生物可给性则除了SBRC法没有相关性之外,PBET和IVG法都表现出显著负相关性.     

Mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink involved in growth retardation of Vicia faba L. seedlings exposed to lanthanum ions

Effects of mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink on growth of Vicia faba L. seedlings hydroponically cultivated in concentrations of extraneous lanthanum (La) for 20 days were investigated in the present experiment. The results showed that contents of La, Cu or K elements in roots generally changed synchronously with those in leaves, while Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn or P in the roots altered inversely to those in the leaves. Thus, the extraneous La led to redistribution and imbalance of mineral nutrient elements in the roots and leaves. DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were investigated by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate/potassium (SDS/K⁺) precipitation methods, respectively. The results demonstrated that the increasing La induced DNA break and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) in the seedlings. These results suggested that mineral nutrient imbalance, DNA lesion and DNA-protein crosslink were involved in the growth retardation and growth alteration of the seedlings, which may help to understand the mechanisms of rare earth elements (REEs) on plant growth.     

温度和pH对生物成因羟基硫酸铁矿物的综合影响研究

在酸性矿山废水中,氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)氧化Fe~(2+)过程中常常伴随着次生矿物的生成.为研究温度和pH对A.ferrooxidans氧化Fe~(2+)及Fe3+水解成矿的综合影响,考察了初始pH为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0,温度为8、18、28、38℃时体系中Fe~(2+)、总Fe、次生矿物的变化情况.结果表明,在改良9K培养基中,温度和pH均影响Fe~(2+)生物氧化和Fe~(3+)水解成矿.A.ferrooxidans最佳适宜生长环境为温度28℃,pH=2.0~3.0,其它条件均不利于其生长繁殖,导致Fe~(2+)氧化速度明显变慢.起始pH=1.5时,不同温度处理均未发现有矿物生成,pH越高,收集矿物量越多.次生铁矿物XRD图谱表明,反应温度为28℃时,pH=2.0~2.5条件下次生铁矿物主要为黄铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物,而pH=3.0时则更有利于施氏矿物的形成.该现象对有效调控次生矿物的形成具有潜在意义.     

碳酸盐岩红土中氧化铁矿物表面化学特征及其吸附机理研究

应用ＸＰＳ技术，首次较系统地研究了碳酸盐岩红土中氧化铁矿物表面化学特征及其吸附机理，氧公铁矿物表面的ＸＰＳ分析表明，矿物表面和整体之间在化学成分，状态和结构等方面存在明显差异，矿物表面的这种非均匀性特征是其表面化学反应的重要动力学起因。     

莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿矿物组成及特征

滨海砂矿是目前全球最大的潜在矿产资源之一。以莫桑比克的滨海砂矿作为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等手段对莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿的矿物组成及特征进行了研究。并用数理统计方法讨论了重砂矿的元素赋存状态及其载体矿物。研究结果表明:(1)砂矿的矿石矿物主要为钛铁矿、金红石和锆石,脉石矿物主要为石英和长石。(2)重砂矿的主要化学组分为Ti和Zr;Hf及REE为次要组分;而主要有害元素组分Th和U,其总体含量低,故重砂矿对采选加工和产品利用均无明显环境危害。(3)重砂矿中元素含量与粒度之间呈一定相关性,显示Zr、Hf、U、Cr、Ta的载体矿物的粒度相对较细;Ti、Fe、V、Nb的载体矿物的粒度相对较粗。