Pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in common used mineral oils and their transformation during oil regeneration

The pollution characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in common used mineral oils, semi-refined oils, refined oils and solid wastes produced during the used mineral oil regeneration process was analyzed. The results showed that total PAHs content in six common used mineral oils was as follows: used engine oil used quenching oil used casting oil used hydraulic oil used antirust oil used industrial lubricating oil. Furthermore, this order was dependent on the source of PAHs and oil working temperatures. Additionally, total PAHs content in regenerated oils was as follows: semi-refined oil refined oil crude oil, which was related to the catalytic cracking process of crude oil and adsorption refining process of semi-refined oil. The ranking of total PAHs content in regenerated wastes varied depending on the regeneration technology used as follows: waste adsorption sand acid sludge waste clay precipitation sludge cracked residue. In all types of used mineral oils and regenerated wastes, the maximum and minimum proportions of the total PAHs content were composed of 2–3 ring-PAHs and 5–6 ring-PAHs, respectively. The majority of PAHs in the used mineral oils entered into regenerated wastes during regeneration process, while a small number remained in the regenerated oil.     

Decisions on recycling: Construction stakeholders’ decisions regarding recycled mineral construction materials

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste, being already the largest waste fraction in industrialized countries, is expected to increase in the future. C&D waste recycling has been considered to be a valuable option not only for minimizing C&D waste streams to landfills but also for mitigating primary mineral resource depletion. Even though the use of recycled mineral construction materials (RMCM) is regulated and successful application examples are available, construction stakeholders do not yet broadly apply them. Although various criteria hindering a transition towards a broader application of RMCM have been identified, it is yet unknown how these criteria differ among decisions, stakeholders and applications. We therefore analyze construction stakeholders’ behavior, and decision-making regarding RMCM for the construction material market in Switzerland. Stakeholders’ decision-making was quantified with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in a survey in combination with their behavior. The results demonstrate the importance of stakeholder interaction, i.e. most stakeholders decide which material to apply based on interaction with other stakeholders e.g., recommendations and specifications. However, the initial general specification by awarding authorities that construction should be sustainable has little relevance to the subsequent material decisions. On the contrary the role of the recommendation of engineers, have a high impact on the subsequent decisions by the other stakeholders. Results also confirm that RMCM are broadly accepted in civil engineering (CE), whereas in structural engineering (SE) RMCM are still a niche product. The good alignment of the outcome of decision modeling with observed behavior shows the usefulness of analyzing decision-making with AHP.     

不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态

对福建东山赤山林场不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝中的钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)元素含量及其再吸收率动态进行了研究.结果表明,海岸梯度对短枝木麻黄小枝中各元素含量及其再吸收率均具有显著影响.在各海岸梯度上,K再吸收率为正值,且基干林带的再吸收率显著低于其它样地,Fe和Zn为负值,Ca、Mg和Na再吸收率在防护林带前沿为负值,而在后沿林为正值,Mn则相反.这表明,基干林带严重的环境胁迫显著降低了短枝木麻黄小枝的养分再吸收率.短枝木麻黄成熟小枝中的K、Mg含量与其再吸收率存在显著正相关,而Na和Fe与其再吸收率存在显著负相关,其它元素与其再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.除K外,各元素在衰老小枝中的含量与相应元素再吸收率之间均存在显著负相关,表明元素再吸收程度越高,其再吸收率就越高.Ca、Mg、Na和Fe再吸收率之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),Zn除与Mn再吸收率呈显著正相关外,与其它元素均表现为负相关,Mn则与其它元素再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.因而短枝木麻黄小枝中不同类型的养分状况对其再吸收率具有不同的影响.表5参42     

基于系统演进特征的区域矿产资源可持续利用战略选择

矿产资源的可持续性是实现社会经济可持续发展的基础和保障，因而．矿产资源的可持续利用问题受到了人们的广泛关注。在分析评介现有研究成果的同时。突出强调了矿产资源可持续利用的“发展”理念。运用系统科学的理论和思路。具体研究了矿产资源在其系统特征尺度范围内的运行特征。以及系统临界状态分叉点的演进规律。提出了区域矿产资源系统特征尺度范围内的精益战略选择和系统临界状态条件下的临界战略选择．褥出了实现区域矿产资源可持续利用的根本途径在干适应社会经济发展需求条件下精益战略选择和临界战略选择的循环往复和有机结合。为合理规划区域矿产资源的开发利用。实现矿产资源与社会经济的可持续发展提供决策依据。     

Chinese Mining toward Sustainable Development in a Global Perspective

In view of sustainable development, this paper presents the challenges faced by the global mining sectors, outlines an integrated approach of the global minerals industry for sustainable development, introduces actions for the mineral professionals toward sustainable development, and proposes changes in the mineral operations, management, and governance practices in the Chinese perspective.     

Composite Biofilms grown in Acidic Mining Lakes and assessed by Electron Microscopy and Molecular Techniques

Microbial consortia of composite biofilms, grown in surface water of acidicmining lakes near Lauchhammer, Germany, were investigated. The red-brown colored lake water was acidic (pH 2.5), had high concentrations of Fe(III), Al(III), and sulphate and low concentrations of dissolved organic matter. As a result the abundance of bacteria in the lake is with 10⁴ cells mL^-1 rather low. One input of organic material into the lake are autumnal leaves from trees, growing in the lakeside area. From aliquots of unfixed birch leave biofilms the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR and community fingerprints were determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Specific bands within the fingerprints were extracted from SSCP gels and sequenced for the taxonomical affiliation.These results were compared with those from the second type of biofilms which were grown on sterile substrata, floating submersed in surface waters of the lakes. By excising the bands from the gel and sequencing the individual bands bacterial taxa, common to both types of biofilms, were found but also some, which were only present in one type of biofilm. Ultrathin sectioned biofilms often showed bacteria associated with electron dense particles as main inorganic constituents. Elemental microanalysis by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) revealed them to contain iron, sulfur and oxygen as main elemental fractions and electron diffraction ring pattern analysis classified them to be schwertmannite. These bacteria and their interactions with each other as well as with the inorganic minerals formed in this lake generally is of great interest, in order to use these results for bioremediation applications.     

中国矿产资源贸易网络演化

第四次工业革命催生全球新一轮产业竞争,矿产资源国内外供需形势正在发生显著的变化,国际竞争日益激烈,成为大国资源博弈的焦点。现阶段我国已经成为世界最大的矿产进口国和重要的矿产出口国,了解矿产资源进口来源地和出口市场网络直接关系到生产活动和经济发展。基于此,本文基于2001—2016年UN Comtrade世界矿产资源贸易数据,分析中国矿产资源贸易网络特征及其演化过程。研究发现：（1）2001—2016年间,中国在世界矿产资源贸易网络中的地位显著提高,这与中国持续增长的矿产资源贸易量和贸易国家数量有直接的相关关系;（2）中国矿产出口逐渐展现“市场分散”的策略,而进口逐渐从“多来源产品集中”演化为“少来源产品分散”的策略;（3）友好的国家关系和国家间互动频率会降低制度差异所带来的不确定性,而且友好的国家关系会降低矿产贸易的交易成本。基于结论提出如下建议：（1）中国矿产出口可以采取进一步分散市场的策略,避免出口到少数国家被压价的情况;（2）矿产进口可以考虑在原有进口国家中进一步多进口新的矿产资源产品,并拓展新的矿产来源国家,以满足日益增长的矿产资源需求,同时避免国家关系波动带来的贸易摩擦;（3）在我国矿产资源安全方面,中国要考虑到国家间制度差异所带来的贸易成本,并通过增加海外矿产资源投资、维护好国家间关系和促进交流来稳定矿产资源贸易。     

Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite by bioreduced nontronite

The redox state of arsenic controls its toxicity and mobility in the subsurface environment. Understanding the redox reactions of arsenic is particularly important for addressing its environmental behavior. Clay minerals are commonly found in soils and sediments, which are an important host for arsenic. However, limited information is known about the redox reactions between arsenic and structural Fe in clay minerals. In this study, the redox reactions between As(III)/As(V) and structural Fe in nontronite NAu-2 were investigated in anaerobic batch experiments. No oxidation of As(III) was observed by the native Fe(III)-NAu-2. Interestingly, anaerobic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred after Fe(III)-NAu-2 was bioreduced. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidization of As(III) by bioreduced NAu-2 was significantly promoted by increasing Fe(III)-NAu-2 reduction extent and initial As(III) concentrations. Bioreduction of Fe(III)-NAu-2 generated reactive Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties at clay mineral edge sites. Anaerobic oxidation of As(III) was attributed to the strong oxidation activity of the structural Fe(III) within the Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties. Our results provide a potential explanation for the presence of As(V) in the anaerobic subsurface environment. Our findings also highlight that clay minerals can play an important role in controlling the redox state of arsenic in the natural environment.     

浅谈赤峰市矿产开发的环境问题及其对策

阐述了赤峰地区在矿产开发中存在的环境问题,并提出了一系列相应的措施,为政府在开发矿产资源、发展经济的同时,处理好经济与环境的关系提供了参考依据。     

黄铁矿对水体中腐殖酸的吸附特性

选择富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)和胡敏酸(humilic acid,HA)作为吸附对象,通过铁矿物吸附筛选实验,以黄铁矿(pyrite)为吸附剂研究其对水体中两种典型腐殖酸(humic acid)的吸附特性.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(IR)、纳米粒度及电位(Zeta)分析仪和比表面仪(BET)对黄铁矿进行组成及结构表征.考察了腐殖酸溶液p H、离子强度和温度等条件对黄铁矿吸附的影响.结果表明,黄铁矿是层状结构,吸附腐殖酸后,在黄铁矿表面形成了大小均匀的分子簇,且黄铁矿晶粒尺寸减小了约10 nm;黄铁矿对FA、HA的最大吸附量分别为11.8 mg·g-1和13.1 mg·g-1.随着p H增加,黄铁矿对腐殖酸的吸附量均表现为先增大后减小;离子强度(NaCl)对吸附的影响较小;随着温度升高,其吸附量不断增大.两种腐殖酸吸附数据与Langmuir吸附模型拟合良好且其吸附动力学规律均符合二级动力学模型,热力学研究表明,黄铁矿吸附两种腐殖酸均属于自发进行的吸热反应.